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In SARS-CoV-2, the spike protein, which has been imaged at the atomic level using cryogenic electron microscopy, [148] [149] is the protein responsible for allowing the virus to attach to and fuse with the membrane of a host cell; [147] specifically, its S1 subunit catalyzes attachment, the S2 subunit fusion.
WIV1 Rs4081-S synthetic chimera (with trypsin). In the spike it is a member of clade 2 (including HKU3). [42] WIV1 RsSHC014-S1 chimera [43] Two clade 1 viruses (using ACE2) RsYN2012 and RsYN2016 and one clade 2 virus (not using ACE2) RsHuB2019 in Huh7 cells with trypsin. [44]
The Wuhan strain has been identified as a new strain of Betacoronavirus from group 2B with approximately 70% genetic similarity to the SARS-CoV. [124] The virus has a 96% similarity to a bat coronavirus, so it is widely suspected to originate from bats as well. [125] [126]
Delta (B.617.2) First identified in India in late 2020, the delta variant soon spread across the globe. It became the dominant variant of SARS-CoV-2 until the emergence of omicron in December 2021.
Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from humans to animals, known as reverse zoonosis or anthroponosis, is possible. [64] Reverse zoonotic or experimental infection with SARS-CoV-2 has been reported in 31 animal species. [65] It is not believed that wildlife plays a significant role in the ongoing circulation of SARS-CoV-2 among humans. [66]
Two distinct viruses are known under this species, namely SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV emerged as an acute respiratory syndrome in Guangdong Province, southern China, during 16 November 2002 to 28 February 2003. [86] [87] The syndrome was accompanied by pneumonia that was fatal in many cases. [88]
The virus was first confirmed to have spread to Spain on 31 January 2020, when a German tourist tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 on La Gomera in the Canary Islands. [333] Post-hoc genetic analysis has shown that at least 15 strains of the virus had been imported, and community transmission began by mid-February. [ 334 ]
SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), the virus that causes COVID-19, was isolated in late 2019. [1] Its genetic sequence was published on 11 January 2020, triggering an urgent international response to prepare for an outbreak and hasten the development of a preventive COVID-19 vaccine.