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A public bank is a bank, a financial institution, in which a state, municipality, or public actors are the owners.It is an enterprise under government control. [1] Prominent among current public banking models are the Bank of North Dakota, the Sparkassen-Finanzgruppe in Germany, and many nations' postal bank systems.
The Federal Reserve System is an independent government institution that has private aspects. The System is not a private organization and does not operate for the purpose of making a profit. [13] The stocks of the regional federal reserve banks are owned by the banks operating within that region and which are part of the system. [14]
The term "affiliate" is broadly defined and includes parent companies, companies that share a parent company with the bank, companies that are under other types of common control with the bank (e.g. by a trust), companies with interlocking directors (a majority of directors, trustees, etc. are the same as a majority of the bank's), subsidiaries ...
The Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council (FFIEC) is a formal U.S. government interagency body composed of five banking regulators that is "empowered to prescribe uniform principles, standards, and report forms to promote uniformity in the supervision of financial institutions". [2]
In the banking union (which includes the euro area as well as countries that join on a voluntary basis, lately Bulgaria), the European Central Bank, through its supervisory arm also known as ECB Banking Supervision, is the hub of banking supervision and works jointly with national bank supervisors, often referred to in that context as "national ...
Each Reserve Bank's participation share in the SOMA is determined during the system's annual settlement of balances. The settlement process makes use of the system's gold certificates that, despite the abandonment of the gold standard in the 20th century, still have a nominal role in backing US currency. Participation in the foreign portfolio ...
The alternative to a commodity money system is fiat money which is defined by a central bank and government law as legal tender even if it has no intrinsic value. Originally fiat money was paper currency or base metal coinage, but in modern economies it mainly exists as data such as bank balances and records of credit or debit card purchases, [3] and the fraction that exists as notes and coins ...
The title-page of the Shakespeare First Folio, 1623 Single folio from a large Qur'an, North Africa, 8th c. (Khalili Collection). The term "folio" (from Latin folium 'leaf' [1]) has three interconnected but distinct meanings in the world of books and printing: first, it is a term for a common method of arranging sheets of paper into book form, folding the sheet only once, and a term for a book ...