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  2. pH meter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH_meter

    Beckman Model M pH Meter, 1937 [1] Beckman model 72 pH meter, 1960 781 pH/Ion Meter pH meter by Metrohm. A pH meter is a scientific instrument that measures the hydrogen-ion activity in water-based solutions, indicating its acidity or alkalinity expressed as pH. [2]

  3. Gran plot - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_plot

    The pH meter is usually calibrated with buffer solutions at known pH values before starting the titration. The ionic strength can be kept constant by judicious choice of acid and base. For instance, HCl titrated with NaOH of approximately the same concentration will replace H + with an ion (Na + ) of the same charge at the same concentration ...

  4. pH indicator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH_indicator

    A pH indicator is a halochromic chemical compound added in small amounts to a solution so the pH (acidity or basicity) of the solution can be determined visually or spectroscopically by changes in absorption and/or emission properties. [1] Hence, a pH indicator is a chemical detector for hydronium ions (H 3 O +) or hydrogen ions (H +) in the ...

  5. Silver chloride electrode - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_chloride_electrode

    Commercial reference electrodes consist of a glass or plastic tube electrode body. The electrode consists of a metallic silver wire (Ag (s)) coated with a thin layer of silver chloride (AgCl), either physically by dipping the wire in molten silver chloride, chemically by electroplating the wire in concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl) [3] or electrochemically by oxidising the silver at an anode ...

  6. Calibration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calibration

    This is called a limited calibration. But if the final measurement requires 10% accuracy, then the 3% gauge never can be better than 3.3:1. Then perhaps adjusting the calibration tolerance for the gauge would be a better solution. If the calibration is performed at 100 units, the 1% standard would actually be anywhere between 99 and 101 units.

  7. Glass electrode - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_electrode

    Reference internal solution, usually 3.0 mol/L KCl. Junction with studied solution, usually made from ceramics or capillary with asbestos or quartz fiber. Body of electrode, made from non-conductive glass or plastics. The bottom of a pH electrode balloons out into a round thin glass bulb. The pH electrode is best thought of as a tube within a tube.