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A F/A-18F during transonic flight. A vapor cone (also known as a Mach diamond, [1] shock collar, or shock egg) is a visible cloud of condensed water that can sometimes form around an object moving at high speed through moist air, such as an aircraft flying at transonic speeds.
A right circular cone and an oblique circular cone A double cone (not shown infinitely extended) 3D model of a cone. A cone is a three-dimensional geometric shape that tapers smoothly from a flat base (frequently, though not necessarily, circular) to a point called the apex or vertex that is not contained in the base.
The conical hill as a geomorphological term first appeared in the German language, as Kegelberg, coined by Goethe and geologists of his era. From their natural appearance these were mostly basaltic or phonolitic landforms in the shape of a mathematical cone, hence why the term came to be used in the early geological literature.
The diameter of their craters ranges between 50 and 600 meters (160 and 1,970 ft). Cinder cones rarely rise more than 50–350 meters (160–1,150 ft) or so above their surroundings. [2] [9] Cinder cones most commonly occur as isolated cones in large basaltic volcanic fields.
The cone over a closed interval I of the real line is a filled-in triangle (with one of the edges being I), otherwise known as a 2-simplex (see the final example). The cone over a polygon P is a pyramid with base P. The cone over a disk is the solid cone of classical geometry (hence the concept's name). The cone over a circle given by
Cinder cones are also commonly found on the flanks of shield volcanoes, stratovolcanoes, and calderas. [3] For example, geologists have identified nearly 100 cinder cones on the flanks of Mauna Kea, a shield volcano located on the island of Hawaii. [3] Such cinder cones likely represent the final stages of activity of a mafic volcano. [11]
The cones open either by the seed scales flexing back when they dry out, or (in firs, cedars and golden larch) by the cones disintegrating with the seed scales falling off. The cones are conic, cylindrical or ovoid (egg-shaped), and small to very large, from 2–60 cm long and 1–20 cm broad.
The cones are resin-sealed and irregularly shaped, [4] 8–16 cm (3 + 1 ⁄ 4 – 6 + 1 ⁄ 4 in) long and clustered in whorls of three to six on the branches. The scales end in a short stout prickle. Cones can sometimes be found attached to the trunk and larger branches. [4]