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The stock market is an excellent example of a positive-sum game, often erroneously labelled as a zero-sum game. This is a zero-sum fallacy: the perception that one trader in the stock market may only increase the value of their holdings if another trader decreases their holdings. [21]
In game theory, a win–win game or win–win [1] scenario is a situation that produces a mutually beneficial outcome for two or more parties. [2] It is also called a positive-sum game as it is the opposite of a zero-sum game.
Zero-sum bias is a cognitive bias towards zero-sum thinking; it is people's tendency to intuitively judge that a situation is zero-sum, even when this is not the case. [4] This bias promotes zero-sum fallacies, false beliefs that situations are zero-sum. Such fallacies can cause other false judgements and poor decisions.
In a zero-sum situation, one side wins only because the other loses. Therefore, if you have zero-sum bias, you see most (all?) situations as a competition. And in case that definition isn’t ...
In zero-sum games, the total benefit goes to all players in a game, for every combination of strategies, and always adds to zero (more informally, a player benefits only at the equal expense of others). [20] Poker exemplifies a zero-sum game (ignoring the possibility of the house's cut), because one wins exactly the amount one's opponents lose.
Matching Pennies is a zero-sum game because each participant's gain or loss of utility is exactly balanced by the losses or gains of the utility of the other participants. If the participants' total gains are added up and their total losses subtracted, the sum will be zero.
2.1.4 Full functionality – positive-sum, not zero-sum 2.1.5 End-to-end security – full lifecycle protection 2.1.6 Visibility and transparency – keep it open
In both cases, the Nash equilibrium for the game can be computed using these representations, and the BNE can be recovered from the results. A linear program can be formulated to compute the BNE efficiently for two-player Bayesian games with a zero-sum objective. [11]