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A standard representation of the pyramid form of DIKW models, from 2007 and earlier [1] [2]. The DIKW pyramid, also known variously as the knowledge pyramid, knowledge hierarchy, information hierarchy, [1]: 163 DIKW hierarchy, wisdom hierarchy, data pyramid, and information pyramid, [citation needed] sometimes also stylized as a chain, [3]: 15 [4] refer to models of possible structural and ...
The taxonomy divides learning objectives into three broad domains: cognitive (knowledge-based), affective (emotion-based), and psychomotor (action-based), each with a hierarchy of skills and abilities. These domains are used by educators to structure curricula, assessments, and teaching methods to foster different types of learning.
Whereas most language learning is guided by teachers and textbooks, data-driven learning treats language as data and students as researchers undertaking guided discovery tasks. Underpinning this pedagogical approach is the data - information - knowledge paradigm (see DIKW pyramid).
An example is the meta-object protocol in Smalltalk and CLOS that gives developers runtime access to the class objects and enables them to dynamically redefine the structure of the knowledge base even at runtime. Meta-representation means the knowledge representation language is itself expressed in that language.
The knowledge component of DIKW is generally agreed to be an elusive concept which is difficult to define, however Rowley 2007, in a well known student textbook [7] differentiated knowledge from data by stating that knowledge is "defined with reference to information" and that it contains more than just facts but also "beliefs and expectations".
An example of the DIKW conceptualisation and visualisation of its hierarchy appeared for example in this thesis published 1987: Development of Concepts and Methodologies for the Representation of Contextual Information in Knowledge Based Systems. See Chapter 2, discussion in pages 13-18, and the DIKM pyramid (with some extensions) on page 18.
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DIKW pyramid – Data, information, knowledge, wisdom hierarchy; Intelligence analysis – Analysing secret intelligence; Intelligence assessment – Evaluation of sensitive state, military, commercial, or scientific information; Intelligence cycle (target-centric approach) – Meaning of police intelligence