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Oromandibular dystonia: A dystonia of the jaw, lips, and/or the tongue. It can make eating and swallowing very complicated due to the jaw being held open or shut for periods of time. Spasmodic dysphonia: A dystonia of the vocal cords. The complications surrounding this form of dystonia are speech related and can cause symptoms such as speech ...
Causes painful defecation, constipation; may be complicated by encopresis or fecal incontinence. Cervical dystonia (spasmodic torticollis) muscles of the neck: Causes the head to rotate to one side, to pull down towards the chest, or back, or a combination of these postures. Blepharospasm: muscles around the eyes
Torsin-1A (TorA) also known as dystonia 1 protein (DYT1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TOR1A gene (also known as DQ2 or DYT1). [5] TorA localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum and contiguous perinuclear space , where its ATPase activity is activated by either LULL1 or LAP1 , respectively.
Juvenile-onset dystonia is a disorder in which the muscles involuntarily contract, which in turn cause involuntary movements and rather abnormal postures. [1] Symptoms of this disorder vary among the people who have it.
Myoclonic dystonia or Myoclonus dystonia syndrome is a rare movement disorder that induces spontaneous muscle contraction causing abnormal posture. The prevalence of myoclonus dystonia has not been reported, however, this disorder falls under the umbrella of movement disorders which affect thousands worldwide. [ 1 ]
In the past, dopamine blocking agents have been used in the treatment of spasmodic torticollis. Treatment was based on the theory that there is an imbalance of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the basal ganglia. These drugs have fallen out of fashion due to various serious side effects: sedation, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia. [16]
The treatment of obstructed labour may require cesarean section or vacuum extraction with possible surgical opening of the symphysis pubis. [4] Caesarean section is an invasive method but is often the only method that will save the lives of both the mother and the infant. [18] Symphysiotomy is the surgical opening of the symphysis pubis.
In 2018, he started the Dystonia Recovery Online Program, aiming to provide wider access to treatment methods. [ 2 ] [ 6 ] Farias has also worked as a coach for musicians, as well as with Olympic and Paralympic athletes, and dancers, focusing on the recovery from focal dystonia and other practice-related disorders.