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  2. Causal reasoning - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causal_reasoning

    Causal reasoning is the process of identifying causality: the relationship between a cause and its effect.The study of causality extends from ancient philosophy to contemporary neuropsychology; assumptions about the nature of causality may be shown to be functions of a previous event preceding a later one.

  3. A Causal Theory of Knowing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Causal_Theory_of_Knowing

    The essay starts with a definition of Gettier's theory, followed by multiple reiterations of the idea of causal connections, figures to explain knowledge through a visual perspective, and references to perception and memory through causal chains. The essay tends to focus on examples in which knowledge or other sensations do not exist, rather ...

  4. Correlation does not imply causation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation_does_not_imply...

    In these instances, it is the diseases that cause an increased risk of mortality, but the increased mortality is attributed to the beneficial effects that follow the diagnosis, making healthy changes look unhealthy. Example 3. In other cases it may simply be unclear which is the cause and which is the effect. For example:

  5. Causality - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causality

    A statement of logical ground is an argument as to why an object statement is true. These are further examples of the idea that a "cause" in general in the context of Aristotle's usage is an "explanation". [23] The word "efficient" used here can also be translated from Aristotle as "moving" or "initiating". [23]

  6. Causal adequacy principle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causal_adequacy_principle

    A stone, for example, which previously did not exist, cannot begin to exist unless it is produced by something which contains, either formally or eminently everything to be found in the stone. Descartes goes on to claim that the CAP not only applies to stones, but also the realm of ideas, and the features that are seen as part of the objective ...

  7. Slippery slope - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slippery_slope

    [2] [4]: 186 With strict implication, p will imply z, but if at each step the probability is 90%, for example, then the more steps there are, the less likely it becomes that p will cause z. A slippery slope argument is typically a negative argument where there is an attempt to discourage someone from taking a course of action because if they do ...

  8. Causal analysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causal_analysis

    Causal analysis is the field of experimental design and statistics pertaining to establishing cause and effect. [1] Typically it involves establishing four elements: correlation, sequence in time (that is, causes must occur before their proposed effect), a plausible physical or information-theoretical mechanism for an observed effect to follow from a possible cause, and eliminating the ...

  9. Mill's methods - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill's_Methods

    Therefore A is the cause, or the effect, or a part of the cause of w. As an example of the method of difference, consider two similar countries. Country A has a centre-right government, a unitary system and was a former colony. Country B has a centre-right government, a unitary system but was never a colony.