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Exhaust gas or flue gas is emitted as a result of the combustion of fuels such as natural gas, gasoline (petrol), diesel fuel, fuel oil, biodiesel blends, [1] or coal. According to the type of engine, it is discharged into the atmosphere through an exhaust pipe , flue gas stack , or propelling nozzle .
This can release nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, or hydrocarbons into the air. Liquid pollution can come from railways contributing to a runoff into water sources, like groundwater or rivers and can result from spillage of fuels like oil into water supplies or onto land or discharge of human waste.
Manufacturers pay a level of tax based upon the average fuel economy for each particular vehicle produced, ranging from $1,000 for vehicles achieving at least 21.5 but less than 22.5 MPG, to $7,000 for each vehicle achieving less than 12.5 MPG. Vehicles that achieve a minimum average fuel economy of 22.5 MPG are not subject to the gas guzzler tax.
The Environmental Protection Agency on Friday set strict emissions standards for heavy-duty trucks, buses and other large vehicles, an action that officials said will help clean up some of the ...
About 16% of manmade carbon dioxide is from road transport, [17] mostly passenger vehicles. [18] Gasoline cars with less than two passengers produce more carbon dioxide per passenger kilometer than any other form of land transport. [19] The changing speed of a vehicle is a factor when considering the measurement of greenhouse gas emissions ...
EPA's greenhouse gas score [28] reflects the amount of greenhouse gases a vehicle will produce over its lifetime, based on typical consumer usage. The scoring is from 0 to 10, where 10 represents the lowest amount of greenhouse gases. The Greenhouse gas score is determined from the vehicle's estimated fuel economy and its fuel type.
Emissions from diesel vehicles are more harmful than those from petrol vehicles. [ 40 ] [ 41 ] [ 42 ] Diesel combustion exhaust is a source of atmospheric soot and fine particles , which is a component of the air pollution implicated in human cancer, [ 43 ] [ 44 ] heart and lung damage, [ 45 ] and mental functioning. [ 46 ]
Vehicle emissions control is the study of reducing the emissions produced by motor vehicles, especially internal combustion engines. The primary emissions studied include hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, and sulfur oxides.