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  2. Lieberkühn reflector - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieberkühn_reflector

    The principle is explained for a modern upright compound microscope, where the light source illuminates the specimen from below. The light passes the object of interest laterally upwards. When using the Lieberkühn reflector, the opening in the microscope stage is covered with a flat glass plate upon which the specimen is placed.

  3. Microscopy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopy

    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723). The field of microscopy (optical microscopy) dates back to at least the 17th-century.Earlier microscopes, single lens magnifying glasses with limited magnification, date at least as far back as the wide spread use of lenses in eyeglasses in the 13th century [2] but more advanced compound microscopes first appeared in Europe around 1620 [3] [4] The ...

  4. Optical microscope - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_microscope

    The optical microscope, also referred to as a light microscope, is a type of microscope that commonly uses visible light and a system of lenses to generate magnified images of small objects. Optical microscopes are the oldest design of microscope and were possibly invented in their present compound form in the 17th century.

  5. Catadioptric system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catadioptric_system

    The Houghton telescope or Lurie–Houghton telescope is a design that uses a wide compound positive-negative lens over the entire front aperture to correct spherical aberration of the main mirror. If desired, the two corrector elements can be made with the same type of glass, since the Houghton corrector's chromatic aberration is minimal.

  6. Condenser (optics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condenser_(optics)

    A condenser between the stage and mirror of a vintage microscope. Condensers are located above the light source and under the sample in an upright microscope, and above the stage and below the light source in an inverted microscope. They act to gather light from the microscope's light source and concentrate it into a cone of light that ...

  7. Total internal reflection fluorescence microscope - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_internal_reflection...

    A total internal reflection fluorescence microscope (TIRFM) is a type of microscope with which a thin region of a specimen, usually less than 200 nanometers can be observed. TIRFM is an imaging modality which uses the excitation of fluorescent cells in a thin optical specimen section that is supported on a glass slide.

  8. Köhler illumination - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Köhler_illumination

    Köhler illumination is a method of specimen illumination used for transmitted and reflected light (trans- and epi-illuminated) optical microscopy.Köhler illumination acts to generate an even illumination of the sample and ensures that an image of the illumination source (for example a halogen lamp filament) is not visible in the resulting image.

  9. Optical rotation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_rotation

    A compound may be labeled as dextrorotary by using the "(+)-" or "d-" prefix. Likewise, a levorotary compound may be labeled using the "(−)-" or " l -" prefix. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry , the authority on chemical nomenclature, strongly discourages use of the " d -" and " l -" prefixes. [ 6 ]

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