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An animal model (short for animal disease model) is a living, non-human, often genetic-engineered animal used during the research and investigation of human disease, for the purpose of better understanding the disease process without the risk of harming a human. Although biological activity in an animal model does not ensure an effect in humans ...
Euprymna scolopes (the Hawaiian bobtail squid), model for animal-bacterial symbiosis, bioluminescent vibrios; Galleria mellonella (the greater wax moth), the larvae of which are an excellent model organism for in vivo toxicology and pathogenicity testing, replacing the use of small mammals in such experiments.
Computer models have been constructed to model human metabolism, to study plaque build-up and cardiovascular risk, and to evaluate toxicity of drugs, tasks for which animals are also used. [32] In 2007, US researchers using the world's fastest computer at the time, BlueGene L, modelled half a mouse brain for just 10 seconds.
Fortrea primate-testing lab, Vienna, Virginia, 2004–05. Most of the NHPs used are one of three species of macaques, accounting for 79% of all primates used in research in the UK, and 63% of all federally funded research grants for projects using primates in the U.S. [25] Lesser numbers of marmosets, tamarins, spider monkeys, owl monkeys, vervet monkeys, squirrel monkeys, and baboons are used ...
The classic experimental tool of toxicology is testing on non-human animals. [12] Examples of model organisms are Galleria mellonella, [25] which can replace small mammals, Zebrafish (Danio rerio), which allow for the study of toxicology in a lower order vertebrate in vivo [26] [27] and Caenorhabditis elegans. [28]
In 1954, the Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW) decided to sponsor systematic research on the progress of humane techniques in the laboratory. [2] In October of that year, William Russell, described as a brilliant young zoologist who happened to be also a psychologist and a classical scholar, and Rex Burch, a microbiologist, were appointed to inaugurate a systematic study of ...
Animal experimentation continues to be required for biomedical research, [34] and is used with the aim of solving medical problems such as Alzheimer's disease, [35] AIDS, [36] [81] [82] multiple sclerosis, [37] spinal cord injury, many headaches, [38] and other conditions in which there is no useful in vitro model system available. Toxicology ...
Similarly, physiological toxicokinetic models are physiological pharmacokinetic models developed to describe and predict the behavior of a toxicant in an animal body; for example, what parts (compartments) of the body a chemical may tend to enter (e.g. fat, liver, spleen, etc.), and whether or not the chemical is expected to be metabolized or ...