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  2. Mass–energy equivalence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massenergy_equivalence

    Mass near the M87* black hole is converted into a very energetic astrophysical jet, stretching five thousand light years.. In physics, massenergy equivalence is the relationship between mass and energy in a system's rest frame, where the two quantities differ only by a multiplicative constant and the units of measurement.

  3. Drude model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drude_model

    The two most significant results of the Drude model are an electronic equation of motion, = (+ ) , and a linear relationship between current density J and electric field E, =. Here t is the time, p is the average momentum per electron and q, n, m , and τ are respectively the electron charge, number density, mass, and mean free time between ...

  4. Static electricity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_electricity

    The energy in joules can be calculated from the capacitance (C) of the object and the static potential V in volts (V) by the formula E = ½CV 2. [27] One experimenter estimates the capacitance of the human body as high as 400 picofarads , and a voltage of 50,000 volts, discharged e.g. during touching a charged car, creating a spark with energy ...

  5. Energy–momentum relation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy–momentum_relation

    Total energy is the sum of rest energy = and relativistic kinetic energy: = = + Invariant mass is mass measured in a center-of-momentum frame. For bodies or systems with zero momentum, it simplifies to the massenergy equation E 0 = m 0 c 2 {\displaystyle E_{0}=m_{0}c^{2}} , where total energy in this case is equal to rest energy.

  6. Electrostatics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatics

    Foam peanuts clinging to a cat's fur due to static electricity.The cat's fur becomes charged due to the triboelectric effect.The electric field of the charged fur causes polarization of the molecules of the foam due to electrostatic induction, resulting in a slight attraction of the light plastic pieces to the fur.

  7. Coulomb's law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulomb's_law

    In 1600, English scientist William Gilbert made a careful study of electricity and magnetism, distinguishing the lodestone effect from static electricity produced by rubbing amber. [8] He coined the Neo-Latin word electricus ("of amber" or "like amber", from ἤλεκτρον [ elektron ], the Greek word for "amber") to refer to the property of ...

  8. List of electromagnetism equations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_electromagnetism...

    Continuous charge distribution. The volume charge density ρ is the amount of charge per unit volume (cube), surface charge density σ is amount per unit surface area (circle) with outward unit normal n̂, d is the dipole moment between two point charges, the volume density of these is the polarization density P.

  9. Electric charge - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_charge

    Also, macroscopic objects made of conductive elements can more or less easily (depending on the element) take on or give off electrons, and then maintain a net negative or positive charge indefinitely. When the net electric charge of an object is non-zero and motionless, the phenomenon is known as static electricity.