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PDFtk (short for PDF Toolkit) is a toolkit for manipulating Portable Document Format (PDF) documents. [3] [4] It runs on Linux, Windows and macOS. [5] It comes in three versions: PDFtk Server (open-source command-line tool), PDFtk Free and PDFtk Pro (proprietary paid). [2] It is able to concatenate, shuffle, split and rotate PDF files.
Performing one-liners directly on the Unix command line can be accomplished by using Python's -cmd flag (-c for short), and typically requires the import of one or more modules. Statements are separated using ";" instead of newlines. For example, to print the last field of unix long listing:
Determine file type Version 4 AT&T UNIX find: Filesystem Mandatory Find files Version 1 AT&T UNIX fold: Text processing Mandatory Filter for folding lines 1BSD fuser: Process management Optional (XSI) List process IDs of all processes that have one or more files open System V gencat: Misc Mandatory Generate a formatted message catalog get: SCCS
The example ~/.bash_profile below is compatible with the Bourne shell and gives semantics similar to csh for the ~/.bashrc and ~/.bash_login. The [ -r filename] && cmd is a short-circuit evaluation that tests if filename exists and is readable, skipping the part after the && if it is not.
A shell script can provide a convenient variation of a system command where special environment settings, command options, or post-processing apply automatically, but in a way that allows the new script to still act as a fully normal Unix command. One example would be to create a version of ls, the command to list files, giving it a shorter ...
This provides the interfaces of piping, filters and redirection. Under Unix, devices are files too, so the normal type of file for the shell used for stdin, stdout and stderr is a tty device file. Another command-line interface allows a shell program to launch helper programs, either to launch documents or start a program.
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Take for example one line in the ls -l output: drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Jan 1 1970 home POSIX specifies [5] the format of the output for the long format (-l option). In particular, the first field (before the first space) is dubbed the "file mode string", here drwxr-xr-x. Its first character describes the file type, here d (directory).