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Submarine detection systems are an aspect of antisubmarine warfare. They are of particular importance in nuclear deterrence , as they directly undermine one of the three arms of the nuclear triad by making counter-force attacks on submarines possible.
For example, one study showed that a horizontal detection range of 450–800 m, when aircraft was 200 m above a submarine, decreased to less than 150 m when the aircraft was 400 m above the submarine. [8] If the sea floor has sunken ships, then submarines may operate near them to confuse magnetic anomaly detectors. [9]
Initially the SURTASS system were passive, receiving only sonar systems. The array was towed miles behind the ships and were designed for long range detection of submarines. As the passive systems were being deployed, an active adjunct known as the SURTASS Low Frequency Active (LFA) systems was designed for long range detection.
The first detection of a Soviet nuclear submarine occurred on 6 July 1962 when NAVFAC Barbados recognized and reported contact #27103, a Soviet nuclear submarine west of Norway coming into the Atlantic through the Greenland-Iceland-United Kingdom (GIUK) gap. [1] [3] When USS Thresher sank in 1963, SOSUS helped determine its location.
The United States Navy's Atlantic Undersea Test and Evaluation Center (AUTEC) is a laboratory that performs integrated three-dimensional hydrospace/aerospace trajectory measurements covering the entire spectrum of undersea simulated warfare – calibration, classifications, detection, and destruction.
The Lockheed P-3 Orion is a four-engined, turboprop anti-submarine and maritime surveillance aircraft developed for the United States Navy and introduced in the 1960s. Lockheed based it on the L-188 Electra commercial airliner; it is easily distinguished from the Electra by its distinctive tail stinger or "MAD" boom, used for the magnetic anomaly detection (MAD) of submarines.
German submariners are more familiar than Normandie with Norway's deep and narrow fjords and the cold Arctic waters that can complicate submarine detection, Vuong said.
In the U.S., a Naval Consulting Board was set up in 1915 to evaluate ideas. After American entry into the war in 1917, they encouraged work on submarine detection. The U.S. National Research Council, a civilian organization, brought in British and French experts on underwater sound to a meeting with their American counterparts in June 1917.