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The call to d->f1() passes a B1 pointer as a parameter. The call to d->f2() passes a B2 pointer as a parameter. This second call requires a fixup to produce the correct pointer. The location of B2::f2 is not in the virtual method table for D. By comparison, a call to d->fnonvirtual() is much simpler: (*
In assembly, C, C++, Pascal, Modula2 and other languages, a callback function is stored internally as a function pointer. Using the same storage allows different languages to directly share callbacks without a design-time or runtime interoperability layer. For example, the Windows API is accessible via multiple languages, compilers and assemblers.
As a complementary example, in an expression (e1 (call/cc f)), the continuation for the sub-expression (call/cc f) is (lambda (c) (e1 c)), so the whole expression is equivalent to (f (lambda (c) (e1 c))). In other words it takes a "snapshot" of the current control context or control state of the program as an object and applies f to it.
The Windows API is a C language-based API. [12] Functions and data structures are consumable via C syntax by including windows.h, but the API can be consumed via any programming language that can inter-operate with the API data structures and calling conventions for function calls and callbacks.
Procedure calls can be synchronous or asynchronous. Synchronous procedure calls are made on one thread in a series, with each call waiting for the prior call to complete. on some thread. APCs instead are made without waiting for prior calls to complete.
madCodeHook is a commercial x86 and x64 API hooking and DLL injection library for C++ and Delphi. EasyHook is an open source hooking engine supporting x86 and x64 in Windows in both user and kernel land. SpyStudio Application Trace SpyStudio is an Application tracer which hook calls, displaying the results in a structured way.
This particular use of the CRTP has been called "simulated dynamic binding" by some. [10] This pattern is used extensively in the Windows ATL and WTL libraries. To elaborate on the above example, consider a base class with no virtual functions. Whenever the base class calls another member function, it will always call its own base class functions.
The C and C++ syntax given above is the canonical one used in all the textbooks - but it's difficult to read and explain. Even the above typedef examples use this syntax. However, every C and C++ compiler supports a more clear and concise mechanism to declare function pointers: use typedef, but don't store