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The two-step flow of communication model hypothesizes that ideas flow from mass media to opinion leaders, and from them to a wider population. It was first introduced by sociologist Paul Lazarsfeld et al. in 1944 [4] and elaborated by Elihu Katz and Lazarsfeld in 1955 [5] and subsequent publications. [6]
In political science, the minimal effects hypothesis states that political campaigns only marginally persuade and convert voters. The hypothesis was formulated during early research into voting behavior between the 1940s and the 1960s, and this period formed the initial "minimum effects" era in the United States. [ 1 ]
The hypodermic needle model (known as the hypodermic-syringe model, transmission-belt model, or magic bullet theory) is claimed to have been a model of communication in which media consumers were "uniformly controlled by their biologically based 'instincts' and that they react more or less uniformly to whatever 'stimuli' came along".
This theory was first introduced by sociologist Paul Lazarsfeld et al. in 1944 and elaborated by Elihu Katz and Lazarsfeld in 1955. [ 1 ] The multi-step flow theory offers a larger range of interaction between opinion leaders, information sources and audiences than the two-step model, which argues that information flows from mass media directly ...
Lazarsfeld emphasized that a research institution is capable of existing in an organized fashion but that the commandeering and leadership really dictated the success of it. Lazarsfeld was successful for nearly two decades; however actors within this particular system could manipulate the machinations of the institution and thus derail the program.
Labeled graphs associate labels to each vertex and/or edge of a graph. Matched with attributed graphs, these labels correspond to attributes comprising only a key, taken from a countable set (typically a character string, or an integer) Colored graphs, as used in classical graph coloring problems, are special cases of labeled graphs, whose ...
In the mathematical discipline of graph theory, a graph labeling is the assignment of labels, traditionally represented by integers, to edges and/or vertices of a graph. [1] Formally, given a graph G = (V, E), a vertex labeling is a function of V to a set of labels; a graph with such a function defined is called a vertex-labeled graph.
The same effect has also been demonstrated for Subjective Well-Being by Bollen et al. (2017), [29] who used a large-scale Twitter network and longitudinal data on subjective well-being for each individual in the network to demonstrate that both a Friendship and a "happiness" paradox can occur in online social networks.