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Viscoelasticity of bone can arise from multiple factors related to structures on multiple length scales. [1] Bone is a composite of the bio-polymer collagen and the bio-ceramic hydroxyapatite. Additionally the collagen is plied in various directions around the bone. Bone has two structural forms; cortical and cancellous. [2]
Therefore, their mechanical properties are very important. Mechanical properties of some biomaterials and bone are summarized in Table 1. [2] Among them, hydroxyapatite is most widely studied bioactive and biocompatible material. However, it has lower Young's modulus and fracture toughness with a brittle nature. Hence, it is required to produce ...
The material needed for each application is different, and dependent on the desired mechanical properties of the material. Tissue engineering of long bone defects for example, will require a rigid scaffold with a compressive strength similar to that of cortical bone (100-150 MPa), which is much higher compared to a scaffold for skin regeneration.
For instance, many natural mechanical materials (Bone, Nacre, Teeth, Silk, and Bamboo) are lightweight, strong, flexible, tough, fracture-resistant, and self-repair. The general underlying mechanism behind such advanced materials is that the highly oriented stiff components give the materials great mechanical strength and stiffness , while the ...
The hard outer layer of bones is composed of cortical bone, which is also called compact bone as it is much denser than cancellous bone. It forms the hard exterior (cortex) of bones. The cortical bone gives bone its smooth, white, and solid appearance, and accounts for 80% of the total bone mass of an adult human skeleton. [10]
Micromechanics allows predicting multi-axial responses that are often difficult to measure experimentally. A typical example is the out-of-plane properties for unidirectional composites. The main advantage of micromechanics is to perform virtual testing in order to reduce the cost of an experimental campaign.
Bone marrow is a semi-solid tissue found within the spongy (also known as cancellous) portions of bones. [2] In birds and mammals, bone marrow is the primary site of new blood cell production (or haematopoiesis). [3] It is composed of hematopoietic cells, marrow adipose tissue, and supportive stromal cells.
The cortex of a bone is used to refer to its outer layers, and medulla used to refer to the inner surface of the bone. Red marrow , in which blood is formed is present in spongy bone as well as in the medullary cavity , while the fatty yellow marrow is present primarily in the medullary cavity.