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  2. Optical pumping - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_pumping

    Optical pumping is a process in which light is used to raise (or "pump") electrons from a lower energy level in an atom or molecule to a higher one. It is commonly used in laser construction to pump the active laser medium so as to achieve population inversion. The technique was developed by the 1966 Nobel Prize winner Alfred Kastler in the ...

  3. Edmund Scientific Corporation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Scientific_Corporation

    Robert split the company into Edmund Scientifics and Edmund Optics. [2] Edmund Scientifics marketed to consumers and specialized in science-themed toys, vaguely high-tech household gadgets, and "science gifts." Edmund Optics did not have a public showroom like Edmund Scientifics, although the two organizations shared the same building.

  4. Holographic optical element - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holographic_optical_element

    Holographic optical element (HOE) is an optical component (mirror, lens, directional diffuser, etc.) that produces holographic images using principles of diffraction. HOE is most commonly used in transparent displays, 3D imaging, and certain scanning technologies.

  5. Physics of optical holography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics_of_Optical_Holography

    A simple hologram [2] [3]: Section 3.2 can be made by superimposing two plane waves from the same light source on a light recording medium such as a photographic emulsion. The two waves interfere, giving a straight-line fringe pattern whose intensity varies sinusoidally across the medium. The spacing of the fringe pattern is determined by the ...

  6. Diffuser (optics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffuser_(optics)

    In optics, a diffuser (also called a light diffuser or optical diffuser) is any material that diffuses or scatters light in some manner to transmit soft light.Diffused light can be easily obtained by reflecting light from a white surface, while more compact diffusers may use translucent material, including ground glass, teflon, opal glass, and greyed glass.

  7. Holographic grating - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holographic_grating

    Nevertheless, the lower limit over the grating spacing is one order of magnitude smaller than the latter. Their availability, low cost, and versatility opened the path for their use in a various range of applications such as data storage, [3] holographic display [4] [5] and in general, as holographic optical components. [1] [6] [7]

  8. Etendue - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etendue

    Etendue for a differential surface element in 2D (left) and 3D (right).. An infinitesimal surface element, dS, with normal n S is immersed in a medium of refractive index n.The surface is crossed by (or emits) light confined to a solid angle, dΩ, at an angle θ with the normal n S.

  9. Astroscan - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astroscan

    When Edmund Scientific introduced the telescope in 1976 they called it "The Edmund Wide-Field Telescope" with a Part Number "2001" [5] Edmund had a public contest which ran until November 15, 1976, to come up with a name. [6] The winning name was "Astroscan 2001". The "2001" part of the name was dropped over time.