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In mathematics, and, in particular, in graph theory, a rooted graph is a graph in which one vertex has been distinguished as the root. [1] [2] Both directed and undirected versions of rooted graphs have been studied, and there are also variant definitions that allow multiple roots. Examples of rooted graphs with some variants.
A path graph (or linear graph) consists of n vertices arranged in a line, so that vertices i and i + 1 are connected by an edge for i = 1, …, n – 1. A starlike tree consists of a central vertex called root and several path graphs attached to it. More formally, a tree is starlike if it has exactly one vertex of degree greater than 2.
The rooted product of graphs. In mathematical graph theory, the rooted product of a graph G and a rooted graph H is defined as follows: take | V(G) | copies of H, and for every vertex v i of G, identify v i with the root node of the i-th copy of H. More formally, assuming that
A directed graph is strongly connected or strong if it contains a directed path from x to y (and from y to x) for every pair of vertices (x, y). The strong components are the maximal strongly connected subgraphs. A connected rooted graph (or flow graph) is one where there exists a directed path to every vertex from a distinguished root vertex.
One way to see this is to note that the graph of the function f(x) = x 2 is a parabola whose vertex is at the origin (0, 0). Therefore, the graph of the function f(x − h) = (x − h) 2 is a parabola shifted to the right by h whose vertex is at (h, 0), as shown in the top figure.
The rule states that if the nonzero terms of a single-variable polynomial with real coefficients are ordered by descending variable exponent, then the number of positive roots of the polynomial is either equal to the number of sign changes between consecutive (nonzero) coefficients, or is less than it by an even number.
In numerical analysis, a root-finding algorithm is an algorithm for finding zeros, also called "roots", of continuous functions. A zero of a function f is a number x such that f ( x ) = 0 . As, generally, the zeros of a function cannot be computed exactly nor expressed in closed form , root-finding algorithms provide approximations to zeros.
The square root of a positive integer is the product of the roots of its prime factors, because the square root of a product is the product of the square roots of the factors. Since p 2 k = p k , {\textstyle {\sqrt {p^{2k}}}=p^{k},} only roots of those primes having an odd power in the factorization are necessary.