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In mathematics, modular arithmetic is a system of arithmetic for integers, where numbers "wrap around" when reaching a certain value, called the modulus. The modern approach to modular arithmetic was developed by Carl Friedrich Gauss in his book Disquisitiones Arithmeticae , published in 1801.
In modular arithmetic computation, Montgomery modular multiplication, more commonly referred to as Montgomery multiplication, is a method for performing fast modular multiplication. It was introduced in 1985 by the American mathematician Peter L. Montgomery .
In modular arithmetic, the integers coprime (relatively prime) to n from the set {,, …,} of n non-negative integers form a group under multiplication modulo n, called the multiplicative group of integers modulo n.
Finding a modular multiplicative inverse has many applications in algorithms that rely on the theory of modular arithmetic. For instance, in cryptography the use of modular arithmetic permits some operations to be carried out more quickly and with fewer storage requirements, while other operations become more difficult. [ 13 ]
In mathematics, modular arithmetic is a system of arithmetic for certain equivalence classes of integers, called congruence classes. Sometimes it is suggestively called 'clock arithmetic', where numbers 'wrap around' after they reach a certain value (the modulus). For example, when the modulus is 12, then any two numbers that leave the same ...
The multiplicative order of a number a modulo n is the order of a in the multiplicative group whose elements are the residues modulo n of the numbers coprime to n, and whose group operation is multiplication modulo n. This is the group of units of the ring Z n; it has φ(n) elements, φ being Euler's totient function, and is denoted as U(n) or ...
In the notation of modular arithmetic, this is expressed as (). For example, if a = 2 and p = 7 , then 2 7 = 128 , and 128 − 2 = 126 = 7 × 18 is an integer multiple of 7 .
In computing, the modulo operation returns the remainder or signed remainder of a division, after one number is divided by another, called the modulus of the operation. Given two positive numbers a and n , a modulo n (often abbreviated as a mod n ) is the remainder of the Euclidean division of a by n , where a is the dividend and n is the divisor .