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With the introduction of high κ metal gates, a new degradation mechanism has become more important, referred to as PBTI (for positive bias temperature instabilities), which affects nMOS transistor when positively biased. In this case, no interface states are generated and 100% of the Vth degradation may be recovered.
[2] Certain semiconductor fabrication technologies also include deep trench isolation , a related feature often found in analog integrated circuits . The effect of the trench edge has given rise to what has recently been termed the "reverse narrow channel effect" [ 3 ] or "inverse narrow width effect". [ 4 ]
Very-large-scale integration (VLSI) is the process of creating an integrated circuit (IC) by combining millions or billions of MOS transistors onto a single chip. VLSI began in the 1970s when MOS integrated circuit (metal oxide semiconductor) chips were developed and then widely adopted, enabling complex semiconductor and telecommunications technologies.
[2] DIBL also affects the current vs. drain bias curve in the active mode , causing the current to increase with drain bias, lowering the MOSFET output resistance. This increase is additional to the normal channel length modulation effect on output resistance, and cannot always be modeled as a threshold adjustment.
Depletion-load NMOS logic refers to the logic family that became dominant in silicon VLSI in the latter half of the 1970s; the process supported both enhancement-mode and depletion-mode transistors, and typical logic circuits used enhancement-mode devices as pull-down switches and depletion-mode devices as loads, or pull-ups.
The Mead–Conway VLSI chip design revolution, or Mead and Conway revolution, was a very-large-scale integration design revolution starting in 1978 which resulted in a worldwide restructuring of academic materials in computer science and electrical engineering education, and was paramount for the development of industries based on the application of microelectronics.
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The last release was version 2.3 dated 1988. [14] The ESPRESSO-AB and EQNTOTT (equation to truth table) program, an updated version of ESPRESSO for modern POSIX systems, is available in Debian Linux distribution (.deb) file format as well the C source code. The last release was version 9.0 dated 2008. [15]