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In the 19th century, "culture" was used by some to refer to a wide array of human activities, and by some others as a synonym for "civilization".In the 20th century, anthropologists began theorizing about culture as an object of scientific analysis.
Koentjaraningrat was born in Yogyakarta, Indonesia on 15 June 1923 to a Pakualaman family. His mother wanted him to obtain a Dutch education, so he was educated at Europeesche Lagere School, followed by Middelbare Uitgebreid Lager Onderwijs and Algemeen Middelbare School in Yogyakarta, later moving to Jakarta to continue his schooling.
Clyde Kluckhohn (/ ˈ k l ʌ k h oʊ n /; January 11, 1905 in Le Mars, Iowa – July 28, 1960 near Santa Fe, New Mexico), was an American anthropologist and social theorist, best known for his long-term ethnographic work among the Navajo and his contributions to the development of theory of culture within American anthropology.
Melford Elliot Spiro (April 26, 1920 – October 18, 2014) was an American cultural anthropologist specializing in religion and psychological anthropology.He is known for his critiques of the pillars of contemporary anthropological theory—wholesale cultural determinism, radical cultural relativism, and virtually limitless cultural diversity—and for his emphasis on the theoretical ...
The group that constituted the Cultural Manifesto was in ideological contrast to Lekra (Lembaga Kebudayaan Rakyat). Members of the Lekra movement nicknamed the Cultural Manifesto "Manikebu," a humorous abbreviation that in English means "Buffalo Sperm."
The term culture industry (German: Kulturindustrie) was coined by the critical theorists Theodor Adorno (1903–1969) and Max Horkheimer (1895–1973), and was presented as critical vocabulary in the chapter "The Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass Deception", [1] of the book Dialectic of Enlightenment (1947), wherein they proposed that popular culture is akin to a factory producing ...
The IMT journey commences with the anticipation phase, where individuals foresee potential identity-related challenges in forthcoming interactions. [5] This phase involves the anticipation of potential threats to one's identity and the strategic planning of communication to mitigate these threats.