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The common shiner reaches sexual maturity by 1–2 years of age, and produces between 400 and 4000 eggs per year. Common shiners spawn in spring between May and June, at temperatures of 16–26 °C (61–79 °F). Common shiners often spawn over the nest of a creek chub, river chub, or fallfish, although some males will make their own small nests.
[3] [10] Spawning is temperature dependent, and begins around 22.2 °C (72.0 °F). [4] This is known as the threshold temperature. [4] In Canada, females have been found to spawn in temperatures ranging from 20.1 to 23.2 °C (68.2 to 73.8 °F). [13] Emerald shiners tend to spawn near the surface in open water near boulders and gravel shoals.
A golden shiner observed in the Mullica River, New Jersey. Though it has been known to reach lengths of 30 cm (12 in), in the wild the golden shiner is usually between 7.5 and 12.5 cm (3.0 and 4.9 in) long. The body is laterally compressed (deep-bodied). The back is dark green or olive, and the belly is a silvery white.
They are thought to spawn in the sandy bottoms and shorelines of the rivers, lakes, and creeks where they live. Females are thought to produce anywhere from 100 to 2,600 eggs per spawning event. The mature age of a spottail shiner is around one or two years of age. The maximum age recorded for a spottail shiner to live is 5 years. [6]
The spawning season for red shiners is generally from mid-April through September. [2] In addition to spawning in crevices like other members of the genus Cyprinella, red shiners also broadcast their eggs and attach them to rocks or vegetation. [6] Females can release up to 16 batches per day with up to 71 eggs per batch.
Prime spawning habitat for the blacktail shiner is in fractional crevices; generally located in flowing water, preferring crevices in current velocities of 0.30 meters per second (0.98 ft/s). [14] Populations in reservoirs chose crevice sites in locations of much lower current speeds. [ 14 ]
The redside shiner is a short-lived fish, maturing around age 2, living on average 5–6 years but has been recorded living up to 8 years. [9] They spawn in spring into the early summer, and their eggs are coated by a sticky adhesive that allows them to stick to rocks and vegetation.
The shiner eats insects, worms, mites, microcrustaceans, and algae. Juvenile shiners mature after a year and spawn from mid-May to July when the water reaches a temperature of 25.6 °C (78.1 °F). Fecundity is unknown in this species and it breeds well in aquariums. It is similar to the closely related Cape Fear shiner and sand shiner.