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There are a number of empirical formulae which brewers and winemakers use to estimate the alcohol content of the liquor made. [citation needed] Specific gravity is the density of a liquid relative to that of water, i.e., if the density of the liquid is 1.05 times that of water, it has a specific gravity of 1.05.
Specific gravity is measured by a hydrometer, refractometer, pycnometer or oscillating U-tube electronic meter. The density of a wort is largely dependent on the sugar content of the wort. During alcohol fermentation, yeast converts sugars into carbon dioxide and alcohol. By monitoring the decline in SG over time the brewer obtains information ...
A hydrometer floating in a test jar of wort, where the specific gravity reading is approximately 1.050. The principal factors that characterize beer are bitterness, the variety of flavours present in the beverage and their intensity, alcohol content, and colour.
Attenuation can be quantified by comparing the specific gravity — the density of a solution, relative to pure water — of the extract before and after fermentation, quantities termed the original and final gravities. Specific gravity can be measured by buoyancy, with a hydrometer. The higher the specific gravity of a solution, the higher the ...
Ethanol (data page) provides detailed information about the chemical properties, physical properties, and safety measures of ethanol.
Thus pure 100% alcohol will have 100×(7 ⁄ 4) = 175 proof, and a spirit containing 40% ABV will have 40×(7 ⁄ 4) = 70 proof. The proof system in the United States was established around 1848 and was based on percent alcohol rather than specific gravity. Fifty percent alcohol by volume was defined as 100 proof. [4]
A United States Navy Aviation boatswain's mate tests the specific gravity of JP-5 fuel. Relative density, also called specific gravity, [1] [2] is a dimensionless quantity defined as the ratio of the density (mass of a unit volume) of a substance to the density of a given reference material.
It is possible to calculate the pure alcohol mass in a serving from the concentration, density of alcohol, and volume: = For example, a 350 ml (12 US fl oz) glass of beer with an ABV of 5.5% contains 19.25 ml of pure alcohol, which has a density of 0.78945 g/mL (at 20 °C), [ 29 ] and therefore a mass of 15.20 grams (0.536 oz).