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The Counter-Enlightenment refers to a loose collection of intellectual stances that arose during the European Enlightenment in opposition to its mainstream attitudes and ideals. The Counter-Enlightenment is generally seen to have continued from the 18th century into the early 19th century, especially with the rise of Romanticism .
Élie Fréron. Élie Catherine Fréron (French pronunciation: [eli katʁin fʁeʁɔ̃]; 20 January 1718 – 10 March 1776) was a French literary critic and controversialist whose career focused on countering the influence of the philosophes of the French Enlightenment, partly through his vehicle, the Année littéraire. [1]
Everdell's dissertation, later published in book form, is notable for being the first work to place Jean-Jacques Rousseau within the Counter-Enlightenment, according to Graeme Garrard. [ 7 ] In 1970, he began teaching at Saint Ann's School in Brooklyn, where he taught world history until retiring in 2016.
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Joseph Marie, comte de Maistre [a] (1 April 1753 – 26 February 1821) [3] was a Savoyard philosopher, writer, lawyer, diplomat, and magistrate. One of the forefathers of conservatism, Maistre advocated social hierarchy and monarchy in the period immediately following the French Revolution. [4]
Author of Testament, a book length essay, which supplied arguments and rhetoric used by other enlightenment authors such as Denis Diderot, Baron d'Holbach and Voltaire. La Mettrie: 1709–1751: French: Physician and early French materialist philosopher. Best known as author of L'homme machine (Man a Machine). John Millar: 1735–1801: Scottish
His difficulties call into question some familiar distinctions, for example between French, German, and English-Scottish thought, and between the Enlightenment and the counter-Enlightenment. There was substantial continuity between Condorcet's criticism of the economic ideas of the 1760s and the liberal thought of the early 19th century. [39]
Included is "The Counter-Enlightenment" an essay first published in 1973. In this essay, Berlin explains his theory of a Counter-Enlightenment. Berlin traces the ideology of figures such as Giambattista Vico, from their opposition to enlightenment ideals to the emergence of Romanticism and Existentialism.