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2. Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductively_coupled_plasma...

   ICP Plasma "torch". The ICP-AES is composed of two parts: the ICP and the optical spectrometer. The ICP torch consists of 3 concentric quartz glass tubes. [2] The output or "work" coil of the radio frequency (RF) generator surrounds part of this quartz torch. Argon gas is typically used to create the plasma.

3. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductively_coupled_plasma...

   A multi-collector ICP-MS may have more than one of any of these, typically Faraday buckets which are more cost-effective than other collectors. With this combination, a dynamic range of 12 orders of magnitude, from 1 part per quadrillion (ppq) to 100 parts per million (ppm) is possible.

4. Inductively coupled plasma - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductively_coupled_plasma

   ICP discharges are of relatively high electron density, on the order of 10 15 cm −3 [citation needed]. As a result, ICP discharges have wide applications wherever a high-density plasma (HDP) is needed. ICP-AES/ICP-OES, a type of atomic emission spectroscopy. ICP-MS, a type of mass spectrometry. ICP-RIE, a type of reactive-ion etching.

5. Cost estimate - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost_estimate

   A cost estimate is the approximation of the cost of a program, project, or operation. The cost estimate is the product of the cost estimating process. The cost estimate has a single total value and may have identifiable component values. A problem with a cost overrun can be avoided with a credible, reliable, and accurate cost estimate. A cost ...

6. Construction estimating software - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_estimating...

   A cost estimator will typically use estimating software to estimate their bid price for a project, which will ultimately become part of a resulting construction contract. Some architects, engineers, construction managers, and others may also use cost estimating software to prepare cost estimates for purposes other than bidding such as budgeting ...

7. Microfluidics - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microfluidics

   Due to the increase in safety concerns and operating costs of common analytic methods (ICP-MS, ICP-AAS, and ICP-OES [100]), the Photonics Lab on a Chip (PhLOC) is becoming an increasingly popular tool for the analysis of actinides and nitrates in spent nuclear waste.