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The genome and proteins of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) have been the subject of extensive research since the discovery of the virus in 1983. [1] [2] "In the search for the causative agent, it was initially believed that the virus was a form of the Human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV), which was known at the time to affect the human immune system and cause certain leukemias.
In HIV-1, the 5'UTR region has been characterized according to functional and structural differences into several sub-regions: TAR , or trans-activation response element , plays a critical role in transcriptional activation via its interaction with viral proteins.
The 5′ UTR begins at the transcription start site and ends one nucleotide (nt) before the initiation sequence (usually AUG) of the coding region. In prokaryotes, the length of the 5′ UTR tends to be 3–10 nucleotides long, while in eukaryotes it tends to be anywhere from 100 to several thousand nucleotides long. [4]
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) has the capability to enter a latent stage of infection where it exists as a dormant provirus in CD4+ T-cells.Most latently infected cells are resting memory T cells, [1] however a small fraction of latently infected cells isolated from HIV patients are naive CD4 T cells.
Although they are called untranslated regions, and do not form the protein-coding region of the gene, uORFs located within the 5' UTR can be translated into peptides. [1] The 5' UTR is upstream from the coding sequence. Within the 5' UTR is a sequence that is recognized by the ribosome which allows the ribosome to bind and initiate translation.
RbcL 5′ UTR RNA stabilising element; Red clover necrotic mosaic virus translation enhancer elements; Regulatory region of repZ gene; Retrovirus direct repeat 1 (dr1) Ribosomal protein L10 leader; Ribosomal protein L13 leader; Ribosomal protein L19 leader; Ribosomal protein L20 leader; Ribosomal protein L21 leader; Ribosomal S15 leader; RNase ...
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