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Native American students are underrepresented in higher education at the bachelor's, master's and doctoral levels. [61] The recruitment and retention of Native American students at a university level is a major issue. [56] Native American professors are also underrepresented; they make up less than one percent of higher education faculty. [65]
Aztecs were the largest single Native American group in the 2020 census, while Cherokee was the largest group in combination with any other race. [232] Tribes have established their criteria for membership, which are often based on blood quantum, lineal descent, or residency. A minority of Native Americans live in land units called Indian ...
Over 60 million Brazilians possess at least one Native South American ancestor, according to a DNA study. [ 22 ] While it is difficult to determine exactly how many Natives lived in North America before Columbus, [ 23 ] estimates range from 3.8 million, as mentioned above, to 7 million [ 24 ] people to a high of 18 million. [ 25 ]
As of 2008, about 32.2% of Native American adults smoked. This is in contrast to a rate of 21.8% for white adults. The high prevalence of smoking is also present in the Native American youth, as 23.1% of the youth smoke. Additionally, Native Americans had the highest rate of smoking during pregnancy, at 17.8%.
Native American women were at risk for rape whether they were enslaved or not; during the early colonial years, settlers were disproportionately male. They turned to Native women for sexual relationships. [25] Both Native American and African enslaved women suffered rape and sexual harassment by male slaveholders and other white men.
An American Indian reservation is an area of land held and governed by a U.S. federal government-recognized Native American tribal nation, whose government is autonomous, subject to regulations passed by the United States Congress and administered by the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs, and not to the U.S. state government in which it is located.
Native Canadians was often used in Canada to differentiate this American term until the 1980s. [ 34 ] In contrast to the more-specific Aboriginal , one of the issues with the term native is its general applicability: in certain contexts, it could be used in reference to non-Indigenous peoples in regards to an individual place of origin / birth ...
The progressive era was characterized by a resolve to emphasize the importance of dignity and independence in the modern industrialized world. [23] This idea is applied to Native Americans in a quote from Indian Affairs Commissioner John Oberly: "[The Native American] must be imbued with the exalting egotism of American civilization so that he ...