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  2. Trachtenberg system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachtenberg_system

    If the answer is greater than a single digit, simply carry over the extra digit (which will be a 1 or 2) to the next operation. The remaining digit is one digit of the final result. Example: Determine neighbors in the multiplicand 0316: digit 6 has no right neighbor; digit 1 has neighbor 6; digit 3 has neighbor 1; digit 0 (the prefixed zero ...

  3. Dice notation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dice_notation

    For instance, 4d6−L means a roll of 4 six-sided dice, dropping the lowest result. This application skews the probability curve towards the higher numbers, as a result a roll of 3 can only occur when all four dice come up 1 (probability ⁠ 1 / 1,296 ⁠), while a roll of 18 results if any three dice are 6 (probability ⁠ 21 / 1,296 ...

  4. Karatsuba algorithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karatsuba_algorithm

    [1] [2] [3] It is a divide-and-conquer algorithm that reduces the multiplication of two n-digit numbers to three multiplications of n/2-digit numbers and, by repeating this reduction, to at most ⁡ single-digit multiplications.

  5. Median trick - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_trick

    The median trick is a generic approach that increases the chances of a probabilistic algorithm to succeed. [1] Apparently first used in 1986 [ 2 ] by Jerrum et al. [ 3 ] for approximate counting algorithms , the technique was later applied to a broad selection of classification and regression problems.

  6. Algebra of random variables - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebra_of_random_variables

    The measurable space and the probability measure arise from the random variables and expectations by means of well-known representation theorems of analysis. One of the important features of the algebraic approach is that apparently infinite-dimensional probability distributions are not harder to formalize than finite-dimensional ones.

  7. Intransitive dice - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intransitive_dice

    The probability that A rolls a higher number than B, the probability that B rolls higher than C, and the probability that C rolls higher than A are all ⁠ 5 / 9 ⁠, so this set of dice is intransitive. In fact, it has the even stronger property that, for each die in the set, there is another die that rolls a higher number than it more than ...

  8. Newton–Pepys problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton–Pepys_problem

    The Newton–Pepys problem is a probability problem concerning the probability of throwing sixes from a certain number of dice. [1] In 1693 Samuel Pepys and Isaac Newton corresponded over a problem posed to Pepys by a school teacher named John Smith. [2] The problem was: Which of the following three propositions has the greatest chance of success?

  9. Sicherman dice - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicherman_dice

    If zero is allowed, normal dice have one variant (N') and Sicherman dice have two (S' and S"). Each table has 1 two, 2 threes, 3 fours etc. A standard exercise in elementary combinatorics is to calculate the number of ways of rolling any given value with a pair of fair six-sided dice (by taking the sum of the two rolls).