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The negativity bias, [1] also known as the negativity effect, is a cognitive bias that, even when positive or neutral things of equal intensity occur, things of a more negative nature (e.g. unpleasant thoughts, emotions, or social interactions; harmful/traumatic events) have a greater effect on one's psychological state and processes than neutral or positive things.
The accentuation effect is often found in group interactions, with group members exaggerating the differences between their ingroup and outgroup.For those in the ingroup, the accentuation of characteristics were less for the ingroup than the outgroup, suggesting that this effect may be due to distancing the outgroup from the ingroup.
The tendency of people to remember past experiences in a positive light, while overlooking negative experiences associated with that event. Fading affect bias: A bias in which the emotion associated with unpleasant memories fades more quickly than the emotion associated with positive events. [158] Generation effect (Self-generation effect)
The Pollyanna principle (also called Pollyannaism or positivity bias) is the tendency for people to remember pleasant items more accurately than unpleasant ones. [1] Research indicates that at the subconscious level, the mind tends to focus on the optimistic; while at the conscious level, it tends to focus on the negative.
Critics of positive psychology have suggested that too much importance is placed on "upbeat thinking, while shunting challenging and difficult experiences to the side". [16] [17] [18] Finally, by not allowing negative emotions, toxic positivity may result in physical consequences, such as cardiovascular and respiratory disease. [19] [20] [21]
Although everyone has face wants, there are different ways strategies they use to accomplish these wants or mitigate face threats based on their culture. [41] For example, negative politeness is the norm in some cultures (Japan and Britain) but not others that prefer positive politeness (Australia) [9] and some cultures use politeness ...
Negative utilitarianism does not imply that it would be right to kill everyone in such scenarios because, in these scenarios, killing everyone would increase negative well-being. An example of such a scenario is that all humans or all sentient beings on Earth could be killed and replaced with many more beings who, collectively, experience both ...
Splitting, also called binary thinking, dichotomous thinking, black-and-white thinking, all-or-nothing thinking, or thinking in extremes, is the failure in a person's thinking to bring together the dichotomy of both perceived positive and negative qualities of something into a cohesive, realistic whole.