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  2. Fernand Braudel - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernand_Braudel

    Fernand Paul Achille Braudel (French: [fɛʁnɑ̃ bʁodɛl]; 24 August 1902 – 27 November 1985) was a French historian.His scholarship focused on three main projects: The Mediterranean (1923–49, then 1949–66), Civilization and Capitalism (1955–79), and the unfinished Identity of France (1970–85).

  3. Structuralism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structuralism

    Structuralism is an intellectual current and methodological approach, primarily in the social sciences, that interprets elements of human culture by way of their relationship to a broader system. [1] It works to uncover the structural patterns that underlie all the things that humans do, think, perceive, and feel.

  4. Leadership - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership

    The Integrated Psychological Theory of leadership attempts to integrate the strengths of the older theories (i.e. traits, behavioral/styles, situational and functional) while addressing their limitations, introducing a new element – the need for leaders to develop their leadership presence, attitude toward others, and behavioral flexibility ...

  5. Three levels of leadership model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_levels_of_leadership...

    In reviewing the older leadership theories, Scouller highlighted certain limitations in relation to the development of a leader's skill and effectiveness: [3] Trait theory: As Stogdill (1948) [4] and Buchanan & Huczynski (1997) had previously pointed out, this approach has failed to develop a universally agreed list of leadership qualities and "successful leaders seem to defy classification ...

  6. Organizational theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_theory

    Contingency theory of leadership In the contingency theory of leadership, the success of the leader is a function of various factors in the form of subordinate, task, and/ or group variables. The following theories stress using different styles of leadership appropriate to the needs created by different organizational situations.

  7. Full range leadership model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_Range_Leadership_Model

    The full range of leadership model (FRLM) is a general leadership theory focusing on the behavior of leaders towards the workforce in different work situations. The FRLM relates transactional and transformational leadership styles with laissez-faire leadership style.

  8. Functional leadership model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_leadership_model

    Functional leadership theory (Hackman & Walton, 1986; McGrath, 1962) is a theory for addressing specific leader behaviors expected to contribute to organizational or unit effectiveness. This theory argues that the leader's main job is to see that whatever is necessary to group needs is taken care of; thus, a leader can be said to have done ...

  9. Trait leadership - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trait_Leadership

    Over the years, many reviewers of trait leadership theory have commented that this approach to leadership is "too simplistic", [41] and "futile". [42] Additionally, scholars have noted that trait leadership theory usually only focuses on how leader effectiveness is perceived by followers [23] rather than a leader's actual effectiveness. [8]