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Dural venous sinuses bordered by hard meninges (shown in blue) direct blood outflow from cerebral veins to the internal jugular vein at the base of skull. The veins of the brain, both the superficial veins and the deep venous system, empty into the dural venous sinuses, which carry blood back to the jugular vein and thence to the heart. In ...
The sinuses can be injured by trauma in which damage to the dura mater, may result in blood clot formation (thrombosis) within the dural sinuses. Other common causes of dural sinus thrombosis include tracking of infection through the ophthalmic vein in orbital cellulitis. While rare, dural sinus thrombosis may lead to hemorrhagic infarction or ...
An MR venogram is also performed in most cases to exclude the possibility of venous sinus stenosis/obstruction or cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. [5] [7] [8] A contrast-enhanced MRV (ATECO) scan has a high detection rate for abnormal transverse sinus stenoses. [15]
On CT scans, brain parenchymal hemorrhage that does not confined to specific arterial territory along with hyperdense appearance on dural venous sinuses raises the suspicion of DVST. Further evaluation with CT venography, MR venography, and post gadolinium MRI provides accurate diagnosis of venous thrombosis and follow-up after treatment.
Management of cranial venous outflow obstruction involves treating the underlying cause, if identifiable, and managing the symptoms. This can include medication to reduce intracranial pressure, anticoagulation therapy to prevent thrombosis, and in some cases, surgical intervention to restore normal venous drainage. [6] [11]
The dural venous sinuses drain blood from the brain to the internal jugular veins, which in turn drains blood to the heart. It has been proposed that the empty delta sign occurs in dural venous thromboses due to contrast material filling the dural venous collateral circulation immediately surrounding the dura whilst being unable to fill the ...
While venous thrombosis of the legs is the most common form, venous thrombosis may occur in other veins. These may have particular specific risk factors: [5] Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, cavernous sinus thrombosis and jugular vein thrombosis: thrombosis of the veins of the brain and head
The meningeal lymphatic system is composed of a network of vessels along the dural sinus in the dura which express lymphatic endothelial cell marker proteins, including PROX1, LYVE1, and PDPN. The vessels extend along the length of both the superior sagittal and transverse sinuses and directly connects to the deep cervical lymph nodes. [ 1 ]