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Hypertensive encephalopathy (HE) is general brain dysfunction due to significantly high blood pressure. [3] Symptoms may include headache, vomiting, trouble with balance, and confusion. [1] Onset is generally sudden. [1] Complications can include seizures, posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, and bleeding in the back of the eye. [1] [3]
Encephalopathy with seizures or dementia; Blood lactic acidosis* or ragged red fibers on muscle biopsy; Due to mitochondrial heteroplasmy, urine and blood testing is preferable to blood alone. [1] PCR and ARMS-PCR are commonly used, reliable, rapid, and cost-effective techniques for the diagnosis of MELAS. [9]
Myoclonic epilepsy and ataxia due to potassium (K+) channel mutation (MEAK) is caused by a specific pathogenic variant ("mutation") in KCNC1 (c. 959 G>A; p.Arg320His). KCNC1-related developmental and epileptic encephalopathy is associated with other pathogenic variants in KCNC1.
Mitochondrial encephalopathy: Metabolic disorder caused by dysfunction of mitochondrial DNA. Can affect many body systems, particularly the brain and nervous system. Acute necrotizing encephalopathy, rare disease that occurs following a viral infection. Glycine encephalopathy: A genetic metabolic disorder involving excess production of glycine.
Generally, seizures are observed in patients who do not have epilepsy. [1] There are many causes of seizures. Organ failure, medication and medication withdrawal, cancer, imbalance of electrolytes, hypertensive encephalopathy, may be some of its potential causes. [2]
A metabolic encephalopathy develops, and this can progress to coma and death without treatment. [4] Ammonia is only toxic to the brain, other tissues can handle elevated ammonia concentrations without problems. [5] Later onset forms of OTC deficiency can have variable presentations.