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A probabilistic age prior analysis give a current mass of 16.5–19 M ☉ and an initial mass of 18–21 M ☉. [11] Betelgeuse's mass can also be estimated based on its position on the color‑magnitude‑diagram (CMD). Betelgeuse's color may have changed from yellow (or possibly orange; i.e. a yellow supergiant) to red in the last few ...
By the end of their lives red supergiants may have lost a substantial fraction of their initial mass. The more massive supergiants lose mass much more rapidly and all red supergiants appear to reach a similar mass of the order of 10 M ☉ by the time their cores collapse. The exact value depends on the initial chemical makeup of the star and ...
A red giant is a luminous giant star of low or intermediate mass (roughly 0.3–8 solar masses (M ☉)) in a late phase of stellar evolution. The outer atmosphere is inflated and tenuous, making the radius large and the surface temperature around 5,000 K [K] (4,700 °C; 8,500 °F) or lower.
A much smaller grouping consists of very low-luminosity G-type supergiants, intermediate mass stars burning helium in their cores before reaching the asymptotic giant branch. A distinct grouping is made up of high-luminosity supergiants at early B (B0-2) and very late O (O9.5), more common even than main sequence stars of those spectral types ...
Betelgeuse is one of the best-known stars in the night sky, as well as the easiest to find. New examinations of this behemoth star suggest it is both smaller — and closer — than astronomers ...
The solar mass (M ☉) is a standard unit of mass in astronomy, equal to approximately 2 × 10 30 kg (2 nonillion kilograms in US short scale). It is approximately equal to the mass of the Sun . It is often used to indicate the masses of other stars , as well as stellar clusters , nebulae , galaxies and black holes .
These parameters are all consistent with those estimated for Betelgeuse. [11] The initial mass of Mu Cephei has been estimated from its position relative to theoretical stellar evolutionary tracks to be between 15 M ☉ and 25 M ☉. [11] [15] The star currently has a mass loss rate of (4.9 ± 1.0) × 10 −7 M ☉ per year. [11]
Mass loss is largest for high-luminosity stars with low surface gravity and enhanced levels of heavy elements in the photosphere. R136a1 loses 1.6 × 10 −4 M ☉ ( 3.21 × 10 18 kg/s ) per year, over a billion times more than the Sun loses, and is expected to have shed about 35 M ☉ since its formation.