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The sulfuric acid must be added dropwise or the reaction must be actively cooled because the reaction itself is highly exothermic. CH 3 CH 2 OH + H 2 SO 4 → CH 3 CH 2 OSO 3 H + H 2 O. If the temperature exceeds 140 °C, the ethyl sulfate product tends to react with residual ethanol starting material, producing diethyl ether.
Alcohol oxidation is a collection of oxidation reactions in organic chemistry that convert alcohols to aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and esters. The reaction mainly applies to primary and secondary alcohols. Secondary alcohols form ketones, while primary alcohols form aldehydes or carboxylic acids. [1] A variety of oxidants can be used.
An example of a solvolysis reaction is the reaction of a triglyceride with a simple alcohol such as methanol or ethanol to give the methyl or ethyl esters of the fatty acid, as well as glycerol. This reaction is more commonly known as a transesterification reaction due to the exchange of the alcohol fragments. [2]
Subsequently, this sulphate ester is hydrolyzed to regenerate sulphuric acid and release ethanol: C 2 H 5-O-SO 3 H + H 2 O → H 2 SO 4 + C 2 H 5 OH. This two step route is called the "indirect process". In the "direct process," the acid protonates the alkene, and water reacts with this incipient carbocation to give the alcohol.
The reaction stoichiometry implicates the Cr(IV) species "CrO 2 OH −", which comproportionates with the chromic acid to give a Cr(V) oxide, which also functions as an oxidant for the alcohol. [ 6 ] The oxidation of the aldehydes is proposed to proceed via the formation of hemiacetal -like intermediates, which arise from the addition of the O ...
The Williamson ether synthesis is an organic reaction, forming an ether from an organohalide and a deprotonated alcohol . This reaction was developed by Alexander Williamson in 1850. [ 2 ] Typically it involves the reaction of an alkoxide ion with a primary alkyl halide via an S N 2 reaction .
The reaction is often carried out without a solvent (particularly when a large reagent excess of the alcohol reagent is used) or in a non-polar solvent (e.g. toluene, hexane) that can facilitate Dean–Stark distillation to remove the water byproduct. [4] Typical reaction times vary from 1–10 hours at temperatures of 60–110 °C.
The term alcohol originally referred to the primary alcohol ethanol (ethyl alcohol), which is used as a drug and is the main alcohol present in alcoholic drinks. The suffix -ol appears in the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) chemical name of all substances where the hydroxyl group is the functional group with the ...