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The Advisory Committee on X-Ray and Radium Protection was established in 1929. [1] Initially, the organization was an informal collective of scientists seeking to proffer accurate information and appropriate recommendations for radiation protection.
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is an independent agency of the United States government tasked with environmental protection matters. [2] President Richard Nixon proposed the establishment of EPA on July 9, 1970; it began operation on December 2, 1970, after Nixon signed an executive order. [3]
OEHHA has no regulatory authority but remains the risk assessment and scientific arm of Cal/EPA and provides health-protective scientific guidance for Cal/EPA. Additionally, OEHHA is the lead agency for Proposition 65 implementation, a ballot measure approved in 1986, titled The Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986 .
Pregnant women are at higher risk of health issues from cadmium due to increased absorption of the metal during pregnancy. [17] Cadmium can also pose health risks to the fetus, some of which may be lifelong, as it interferes with placental function and fetal development. [18]
Electromagnetic radiation from the corona, seen as light during an eclipse, is perfectly safe, but there is another form of radiation that travels to Earth from the sun—neutrinos.
A year after Röntgen's discovery of X-rays in 1895, the American engineer Wolfram Fuchs gave what was probably the first radiation protection advice, but many early users of X-rays were initially unaware of the hazards and protection was rudimentary or non-existent. [11] The dangers of radioactivity and radiation were not immediately recognized.
Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) and technologically enhanced naturally occurring radioactive materials (TENORM) consist of materials, usually industrial wastes or by-products enriched with radioactive elements found in the environment, such as uranium, thorium and potassium and any of their decay products, such as radium and radon. [1]
Radiation exposure can be managed by a combination of these factors: Time: Reducing the time of an exposure reduces the effective dose proportionally. An example of reducing radiation doses by reducing the time of exposures might be improving operator training to reduce the time they take to handle a radioactive source.