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The ideal of Pancasila has not effectively translated into a functioning liberal democracy in Indonesia. Instead, Pancasila has become a symbol of Indonesian exceptionalism, embodying the nation's values and identity. Pancasila is open to abuse, which in this case was the invitation to criminalise all kinds of ideologies but Pancasila itself.
The Liberal Democracy period in Indonesia (Indonesian: Demokrasi Liberal), also known as the Era of Parliamentary Democracy, was a period in Indonesian political history, when the country was under a liberal democratic system. During this period, Indonesia held its first and only free and fair legislative election until 1999, but also saw ...
Juwono Sudarsono (born Banjar Ciamis, West Java; 5 March 1942) is an Indonesian former diplomat and the author of works on political science and international relations.He was educated at the University of Indonesia, Jakarta (B.A., M.S.
Guided Democracy (Indonesian: Demokrasi Terpimpin), also called the Old Order (Indonesian: Orde Lama), was the political system in place in Indonesia from 1959 until the New Order began in 1966. This period followed the dissolution of the liberal democracy period in Indonesia by President Sukarno , who centralized control in the name of ...
Sutan Sjahrir was born on 5 March 1909, in Padang Panjang, West Sumatra.He came from an ethnic-Minangkabau family, from what is today Koto Gadang, Agam Regency. [2]His father, Muhammad Rasyad Maharajo Sutan, served as the Hoofd or Chief public prosecutor at the Landraad in Medan.