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The Summa contra Gentiles consists of four books. The structure of St. Thomas's work is designed to proceed from general philosophical arguments for monotheism , to which Muslims and Jews are likely to consent even within their own respective religious traditions, before progressing to the discussion of specifically Christian doctrine.
Commentary on Boethius's Book On the Trinity (Expositio super librum Boethii De Trinitate) by 1261 De articulis fidei et Ecclesiae sacramentis, ad archiepiscopum Panormitanum: c. 1261 De emptione et venditione ad tempus: 1262 Summa contra Gentiles (Tractatus de fide catholica, contra Gentiles [contra errores infidelium]) 1261–1263
Fuller arguments are taken up in later sections of the Summa theologiae, and other publications. For example, in the Summa contra gentiles SCG I, 13, 30, he clarifies that his arguments do not assume or presuppose that there was a first moment in time. A commentator notes that Thomas does not think that God could be first in a temporal sense ...
In the opening chapter, Aquinas affirms that the book's target audience are those searching for a convenient synopsis of Christian theology. The Compendium is a particularly mature work, written at the end of the theologian's career, and it can be seen as a brief assessment of the topics which the author understood as most important. [ 1 ]
Thomas's best-known works are the unfinished Summa Theologica, or Summa Theologiae (1265–1274), the Disputed Questions on Truth (1256–1259) and the Summa contra Gentiles (1259–1265). His commentaries on Christian Scripture and on Aristotle also form an important part of his body of work.
From Summa Contra Gentiles, Book 4: [1] since the spiritual remedies of salvation (as was said) have been given to men under sensible signs, it was suitable also to distinguish the remedies provided for the spiritual life after the likeness of bodily life.
Qadi ʿAbd al-Jabbar's magnum opus, the Kitab al-mughni fi abwab al-tawhid wa l-ʿadl (Book of the plenitude on the topics concerning unity and justice), often shortened to al-Mughni, is a comprehensive twenty volume "summa" of Mu'tazilite theology of the same magnitude as St. Thomas Aquinas's Summa Theologica and Summa Contra Gentiles. [1]
The Summa Theologiae intended to explain the Christian faith to beginning theology students, whereas the Summa contra Gentiles, to explain the Christian faith and defend it in hostile situations, with arguments adapted to the intended circumstances of its use, each article refuting a certain belief or a specific heresy. [3]