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ggplot2 is an open-source data visualization package for the statistical programming language R.Created by Hadley Wickham in 2005, ggplot2 is an implementation of Leland Wilkinson's Grammar of Graphics—a general scheme for data visualization which breaks up graphs into semantic components such as scales and layers. ggplot2 can serve as a replacement for the base graphics in R and contains a ...
A violin plot (on the left) and a sina plot (on the right) for the same sample. A sina plot is a type of diagram in which numerical data are depicted by points distributed in such a way that the width of the point distribution is proportional to the kernel density.
A v-optimal histogram is based on the concept of minimizing a quantity which is called the weighted variance in this context. [1] This is defined as = =, where the histogram consists of J bins or buckets, n j is the number of items contained in the jth bin and where V j is the variance between the values associated with the items in the jth bin.
Vector overlay is an operation (or class of operations) in a geographic information system (GIS) for integrating two or more vector spatial data sets. Terms such as polygon overlay , map overlay , and topological overlay are often used synonymously, although they are not identical in the range of operations they include.
Histogram: bin limits; count/length; color; An approximate representation of the distribution of numerical data. Divide the entire range of values into a series of intervals and then count how many values fall into each interval this is called binning. The bins are usually specified as consecutive, non-overlapping intervals of a variable. The ...
An overlay manager, either part of the operating system or part of the overlay program, loads the required overlay from external memory into its destination region when it is needed; this may be automatic or via explicit code.
One version of this is to use covariance matrices as the multivariate measure of dispersion. Several authors have considered tests in this context, for both regression and grouped-data situations. [ 28 ] [ 29 ] Bartlett's test for heteroscedasticity between grouped data, used most commonly in the univariate case, has also been extended for the ...
Otsu's method performs well when the histogram has a bimodal distribution with a deep and sharp valley between the two peaks. [ 6 ] Like all other global thresholding methods, Otsu's method performs badly in case of heavy noise, small objects size, inhomogeneous lighting and larger intra-class than inter-class variance. [ 7 ]