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The term sister group is used in phylogenetic analysis, however, only groups identified in the analysis are labeled as "sister groups".. An example is birds, whose commonly cited living sister group is the crocodiles, but that is true only when discussing extant organisms; [3] [4] when other, extinct groups are considered, the relationship between birds and crocodiles appears distant.
Synapsids are a clade of amniotes, that had one opening on the sides of the skull. The synapsids' sister clade are the sauropsids. They appeared in the Late Carboniferous, the same time as the first sauropsids. Subtaxon Therapsids include mammals
Gnathifera is a member of Spiralia. It is the sister taxon of a clade comprising all other spiralians. [1] [20] An alternative phylogeny place Gnathifera into a main spiralian clade Platyzoa s.l. as sister clade to Mesozoa and Platyhelminthes. [22]
The Zygnematophyceae are the sister clade of the Embryophyta (land plants). [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Common members of the Zygnematophyceae include the filamentous algae Spirogyra and Mougeotia , as well as desmids , which are microscopic algae characterized by symmetrical and elaborately ornate cells.
The crown age of a clade refers to the age of the most recent common ancestor of all of the species in the clade. The stem age of a clade refers to the time that the ancestral lineage of the clade diverged from its sister clade. A clade's stem age is either the same as or older than its crown age. [15] Ages of clades cannot be directly observed.
Filasterea is a proposed basal Filozoan clade of single-celled ameboid eukaryotes that includes Ministeria and Capsaspora. [1] It is a sister clade to the Choanozoa in which the Choanoflagellatea and Animals appeared, originally proposed by Shalchian-Tabrizi et al. in 2008, based on a phylogenomic analysis with 78 genes. Filasterea was found to ...
Pleistoannelida is a group of annelid worms that comprises the vast majority of the diversity in phylum Annelida.Discovered through phylogenetic analyses, it is the largest clade of annelids, comprised by the last common ancestor of the highly diverse sister groups Errantia and Sedentaria (Clitellata and related polychaetes) and all the descendants of that ancestor.
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