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Redox (/ ˈrɛdɒks / RED-oks, / ˈriːdɒks / REE-doks, reduction–oxidation[2] or oxidation–reduction[3]: 150 ) is a type of chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of the reactants change. [4] Oxidation is the loss of electrons or an increase in the oxidation state, while reduction is the gain of electrons or a decrease in the ...
Wacker process. The Wacker process or the Hoechst-Wacker process (named after the chemical companies of the same name) refers to the oxidation of ethylene to acetaldehyde in the presence of palladium (II) chloride and copper (II) chloride as the catalyst. [1] This chemical reaction was one of the first homogeneous catalysis with organopalladium ...
RXNO:0000179. The Elbs persulfate oxidation is the organic reaction of phenols with alkaline potassium persulfate to form para -diphenols. [1] The reaction is generally performed in water at room temperatures or below, using equimolar quantities of reagents. Several reviews have been published. [2][3][4]
A 1919 illustration of a Leclanché cell. The Leclanché cell is a battery invented and patented by the French scientist Georges Leclanché in 1866. [1] [2] [3] The battery contained a conducting solution (electrolyte) of ammonium chloride, a cathode (positive terminal) of carbon, a depolarizer of manganese dioxide (oxidizer), and an anode (negative terminal) of zinc (reductant).
The benzilic acid rearrangement is formally the 1,2-rearrangement of 1,2- diketones to form α- hydroxy – carboxylic acids using a base. This reaction receives its name from the reaction of benzil with potassium hydroxide to form benzilic acid. First performed by Justus von Liebig in 1838, [ 1 ] it is the first reported example of a ...
A redox gradient is a series of reduction-oxidation (redox) reactions sorted according to redox potential. [4][5] The redox ladder displays the order in which redox reactions occur based on the free energy gained from redox pairs. [4][5][6] These redox gradients form both spatially and temporally as a result of differences in microbial ...
Organic redox reaction. Stephen aldehyde synthesis, a named reaction in chemistry, was invented by Henry Stephen (OBE / MBE). This reaction involves the preparation of aldehydes (R-CHO) from nitriles (R-CN) using tin (II) chloride (SnCl 2), hydrochloric acid (HCl) and quenching the resulting iminium salt ( [R-CH=NH 2] + Cl −) with water (H 2 ...
P680 + is the strongest biological oxidizing agent known, with an estimated redox potential of ~1.3 V. [3] This makes it possible to oxidize water during oxygenic photosynthesis. P680 + recovers its lost electron by oxidizing water via the oxygen-evolving complex , which regenerates P680.