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RNA Polymerase II Transcription: the process of transcript elongation facilitated by disassembly of nucleosomes. RNAP from T. aquaticus pictured during elongation. Portions of the enzyme were made transparent so as to make the path of RNA and DNA more clear.
The form polymerase IIO facilitates the elongation of the RNA chain. [5] The method for the elongation initiation is done by the phosphorylation of serine at position 5 (Ser5), via TFIIH. The newly phosphorylated Ser5 recruits enzymes to cap the 5' end of the newly synthesized RNA and the "3' processing factors to poly(A) sites". [ 33 ]
In the process of transcription (by any polymerase), there are three main stages: Initiation: the construction of the RNA polymerase complex on the gene's promoter with the help of transcription factors; Elongation: the actual transcription of the majority of the gene into a corresponding RNA sequence
In eukaryote cells, RNA polymerase III (also called Pol III) is a protein that transcribes DNA to synthesize 5S ribosomal RNA, tRNA, and other small RNAs. The genes transcribed by RNA Pol III fall in the category of "housekeeping" genes whose expression is required in all cell types and most environmental conditions.
The positive transcription elongation factor, P-TEFb, is a multiprotein complex that plays an essential role in the regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II (Pol II) in eukaryotes. [1] Immediately following initiation Pol II becomes trapped in promoter proximal paused positions on the majority of human genes (Figure 1).
RNA polymerase core enzyme binds to the bacterial general transcription (sigma) factor to form RNA polymerase holoenzyme and then binds to a promoter. [6] (RNA polymerase is called a holoenzyme when sigma subunit is attached to the core enzyme which is consist of 2 α subunits, 1 β subunit, 1 β' subunit only).
Abortive initiation is a normal process of transcription and occurs both in vitro and in vivo. [2] After each nucleotide-addition step in initial transcription, RNA polymerase, stochastically, can proceed on the pathway toward promoter escape (productive initiation) or can release the RNA product and revert to the RNA polymerase-promoter open complex (abortive initiation).
DSIF (DRB Sensitivity Inducing Factor) is a protein complex that can either negatively or positively affect transcription by RNA polymerase II (Pol II). [2] It can interact with the negative elongation factor (NELF) to promote the stalling of Pol II at some genes, which is called promoter proximal pausing. [3]