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The process begins when a client computer wants to contact a peer computer for a data transaction, but cannot do so due to both client and peer being behind respective NATs. If STUN is not an option because one of the NATs is a symmetric NAT (a type of NAT known to be non-STUN compatible), TURN must be used.
NAT hairpinning, also known as NAT loopback or NAT reflection, [27] is a feature in many consumer routers [28] where a machine on the LAN is able to access another machine on the LAN via the external IP address of the LAN/router (with port forwarding set up on the router to direct requests to the appropriate machine on the LAN).
STUN (Session Traversal Utilities for NAT; originally Simple Traversal of User Datagram Protocol (UDP) through Network Address Translators) is a standardized set of methods, including a network protocol, for traversal of network address translator (NAT) gateways in applications of real-time voice, video, messaging, and other interactive ...
UPnP Internet Gateway Device Protocol (UPnP IGD) is supported by many small NAT gateways in home or small office settings. It allows a device on a network to ask the router to open a port. Interactive Connectivity Establishment (ICE) is a complete protocol for using STUN and/or TURN to do NAT traversal while picking the best network route ...
Carrier-grade NAT. Carrier-grade NAT (CGN or CGNAT), also known as large-scale NAT (LSN), is a type of network address translation (NAT) used by ISPs in IPv4 network design. With CGNAT, end sites, in particular residential networks, are configured with private network addresses that are translated to public IPv4 addresses by middlebox network address translator devices embedded in the network ...
Port forwarding via NAT router. In computer networking, port forwarding or port mapping is an application of network address translation (NAT) that redirects a communication request from one address and port number combination to another while the packets are traversing a network gateway, such as a router or firewall.
UPnP logo as promoted by the UPnP Forum (2001–2016) and Open Connectivity Foundation (2016–present). Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) is a set of networking protocols on the Internet Protocol (IP) that permits networked devices, such as personal computers, printers, Internet gateways, Wi-Fi access points and mobile devices, to seamlessly discover each other's presence on the network and ...
412 Precondition Failed The server does not meet one of the preconditions that the requester put on the request header fields. 413 Payload Too Large The request is larger than the server is willing or able to process. Previously called "Request Entity Too Large". [16]: §10.4.14 414 URI Too Long The URI provided was too long for the server to ...