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This also inversely affects the depth of the case; i.e., a high carbon steel will form a hard, but shallow case. [14] A similar process is the trademarked "Nu-Tride" process, also known incorrectly as the "Kolene" process (which is the company's name), includes a preheat and an intermediate quench cycle.
Case-hardening or carburization is the process of introducing carbon to the surface of a low-carbon iron, or more commonly a low-carbon steel object, in order to harden the surface. Iron which has a carbon content greater than ~0.02% is known as steel .
It was created on May 24, 1978, through Presidential Decree 1380 to spearhead the development of the country's postharvest industry. As a subsidiary of the National Grains Authority (NGA) in 1980, BPRE's powers and functions were expanded through LOI 1142 to include other agricultural commodities in line with the conversion of NGA to the ...
A few typical hardening agents include carbon monoxide gas (CO), sodium cyanide and barium carbonate, or hardwood charcoal. In gas carburizing, carbon is given off by propane or natural gas . In liquid carburizing, the carbon is derived from a molten salt composed mainly of sodium cyanide (NaCN) and barium chloride (BaCl 2 ).
This work is in the public domain in the Philippines and possibly other jurisdictions because it is a work created by an officer or employee of the Government of the Philippines or any of its subdivisions and instrumentalities, including government-owned and/or controlled corporations, as part of their regularly prescribed official duties ...
The Philippines' Bureau of Agriculture and Fisheries Product Standards (Filipino: Kawanihan ng mga Pamantayan sa Produktong Pansaka at Pampangisdaan, abbreviated as BAFS), is an agency of the Philippine government under the Department of Agriculture responsible for setting and implementing standards for fresh primary and secondary processed agricultural and fishery products.
Case hardening is a weathering phenomenon of rock surface induration. It is observed commonly in: felsic alkaline rocks, such as nepheline syenite , phonolite and trachyte ; pyroclastic rocks , as pyroclastic flow deposit, fine air-fall deposits and vent-filling pyroclastic deposits; sedimentary rocks , as sandstone and mudstone .
If HV is first expressed in N/mm 2 (MPa), or otherwise by converting from kgf/mm 2, then the tensile strength (in MPa) of the material can be approximated as σ u ≈ HV/ c, where c is a constant determined by yield strength, Poisson's ratio, work-hardening exponent and geometrical factors – usually ranging between 2 and 4. [9]