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Phenol is an organic compound appreciably soluble in water, with about 84.2 g dissolving in 1000 ml (0.895 M). Homogeneous mixtures of phenol and water at phenol to water mass ratios of ~2.6 and higher are possible. The sodium salt of phenol, sodium phenoxide, is far more water-soluble. It is a combustible solid (NFPA rating = 2).
Phenol esters are active esters, being prone to hydrolysis. Phenols are reactive species toward oxidation. Oxidative cleavage, for instance cleavage of 1,2-dihydroxybenzene to the monomethylester of 2,4 hexadienedioic acid with oxygen, copper chloride in pyridine [4] Oxidative de-aromatization to quinones also known as the Teuber reaction.
Generally, oxygen attack of phenoxide anions is kinetically favored, while carbon-attack is thermodynamically preferred (see Thermodynamic versus kinetic reaction control). Mixed oxygen/carbon attack and by this a loss of selectivity is usually observed if the reaction rate reaches diffusion control.
The alkali metals (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, and Fr) are the most reactive metals in the periodic table - they all react vigorously or even explosively with cold water, resulting in the displacement of hydrogen. The Group 1 metal (M) is oxidised to its metal ions, and water is reduced to hydrogen gas (H 2) and hydroxide ion (OH −), giving a general ...
Fenton's reagent is a solution of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) and an iron catalyst (typically iron(II) sulfate, FeSO 4). [1] It is used to oxidize contaminants or waste water as part of an advanced oxidation process. Fenton's reagent can be used to destroy organic compounds such as trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene).
Thiophenol is an organosulfur compound with the formula C 6 H 5 SH, sometimes abbreviated as PhSH. This foul-smelling colorless liquid is the simplest aromatic thiol.The chemical structures of thiophenol and its derivatives are analogous to phenols, where the oxygen atom in the hydroxyl group (-OH) bonded to the aromatic ring in phenol is replaced by a sulfur atom.
Usually phenol ethers are synthesized through the condensation of phenol and an organic alcohol; however, other known reactions regarding the synthesis of ethers can be applied to phenol ethers as well. Anisole (C 6 H 5 OCH 3) is the simplest phenol ether, and is a versatile precursor for perfumes and pharmaceuticals. [1]
Oxidative coupling of phenol by VCl 4. Coproducts including vanadium(III) and hydrogen chloride are not shown. Oxidative phenol couplings can occur through either inner sphere or outer sphere processes. In inner sphere processes, the phenolic substrate coordinates to the metal center to give a phenoxide complex.