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The Hazen–Williams equation is an empirical relationship that relates the flow of water in a pipe with the physical properties of the pipe and the pressure drop caused by friction. It is used in the design of water pipe systems [1] such as fire sprinkler systems, [2] water supply networks, and irrigation systems.
where is the density of the fluid, is the average velocity in the pipe, is the friction factor from the Moody chart, is the length of the pipe and is the pipe diameter. The chart plots Darcy–Weisbach friction factor against Reynolds number Re for a variety of relative roughnesses, the ratio of the mean height of roughness of the pipe to the ...
Darcy–Weisbach equation calculator; Pipe pressure drop calculator Archived 2019-07-13 at the Wayback Machine for single phase flows. Pipe pressure drop calculator for two phase flows. Archived 2019-07-13 at the Wayback Machine; Open source pipe pressure drop calculator. Web application with pressure drop calculations for pipes and ducts
The Reynolds number Re is taken to be Re = V D / ν, where V is the mean velocity of fluid flow, D is the pipe diameter, and where ν is the kinematic viscosity μ / ρ, with μ the fluid's Dynamic viscosity, and ρ the fluid's density. The pipe's relative roughness ε / D, where ε is the pipe's effective roughness height and D the pipe ...
The larger pipe was glass so the behaviour of the layer of the dyed stream could be observed. At the end of this pipe, there was a flow control valve used to vary the water velocity inside the tube. When the velocity was low, the dyed layer remained distinct throughout the entire length of the large tube.
For circular pipes of different surface roughness, at a Reynolds number below the critical value of approximately 2000 [2] pipe flow will ultimately be laminar, whereas above the critical value turbulent flow can persist, as shown in Moody chart. For non-circular pipes, such as rectangular ducts, the critical Reynolds number is shifted, but ...
Once the friction factors of the pipes are obtained (or calculated from pipe friction laws such as the Darcy-Weisbach equation), we can consider how to calculate the flow rates and head losses on the network. Generally the head losses (potential differences) at each node are neglected, and a solution is sought for the steady-state flows on the ...
For the limiting case of a very wide duct, i.e. a slot of width b, where b ≫ a, and a is the water depth, then D H = 4a. For a fully filled duct or pipe whose cross-section is a convex regular polygon , the hydraulic diameter is equivalent to the diameter D {\displaystyle D} of a circle inscribed within the wetted perimeter .
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