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Opioid withdrawal is a set of symptoms (a syndrome) arising from the sudden cessation or reduction of opioids where previous usage has been heavy and prolonged. [1][2] Signs and symptoms of withdrawal can include drug craving, anxiety, restless legs syndrome, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, and an elevated heart rate.
Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a substance use disorder characterized by cravings for opioids, continued use despite physical and/or psychological deterioration, increased tolerance with use, and withdrawal symptoms after discontinuing opioids. [ 12 ] Opioid withdrawal symptoms include nausea, muscle aches, diarrhea, trouble sleeping, agitation ...
Hydrocodone is a highly selective full agonist of the μ-opioid receptor (MOR). [19] [45] [40] This is the main biological target of the endogenous opioid neuropeptide β-endorphin. [46] Hydrocodone has low affinity for the δ-opioid receptor (DOR) and the κ-opioid receptor (KOR), where it is an agonist similarly. [40]
The symptoms of oxycodone withdrawal, as with other opioids, may include "anxiety, panic attack, nausea, insomnia, muscle pain, muscle weakness, fevers, and other flu-like symptoms". [51] [52] Withdrawal symptoms have also been reported in newborns whose mothers had been either injecting or orally taking oxycodone during pregnancy. [53]
Post-acute withdrawal syndrome (PAWS) is a hypothesized set of persistent impairments that occur after withdrawal from alcohol, [1][2] opiates, benzodiazepines, antidepressants, and other substances. [3][4][5] Infants born to mothers who used substances of dependence during pregnancy may also experience a PAWS. [6][7] While PAWS has been ...
Lorazepam, sold under the brand name Ativan among others, is a benzodiazepine medication. [14] It is used to treat anxiety (including anxiety disorders), trouble sleeping, severe agitation, active seizures including status epilepticus, alcohol withdrawal, and chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. [14]
Hydrocodone diversion and recreational use has escalated due to its opioid effects. [12] In 2009 and 2010, hydrocodone was the second most frequently encountered opioid in the pharmaceutical industry.
Lormetazepam, sold under the brand name Noctamid among others, is a drug which is a short to intermediate acting 3-hydroxy [3] benzodiazepine derivative and temazepam analogue. [4] It possesses hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative, and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. It was patented in 1961 and came into medical use in 1980. [5]