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The Progressive movement was especially strong in California, where it aimed to purify society of its corruption, and one way was to enfranchise supposedly "pure" women as voters in 1911, nine years before the 19th Amendment enfranchised women nationally in 1920. Women's clubs flourished and turned a spotlight on issues such as public schools ...
Historians of women and of youth emphasize the strength of the progressive impulse in the 1920s. Women consolidated their gains after the success of the suffrage movement, and moved into causes such as world peace, good government, maternal care (the Sheppard–Towner Act of 1921), and local support for education and public health.
Research suggests that light-skinned African American women have higher salaries and greater job satisfaction than dark-skinned women. [89] Being "too black" has recently been acknowledged by the U.S. Federal courts in an employment discrimination case under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In Etienne v.
The nadir of American race relations was the period in African-American history and the history of the United States from the end of Reconstruction in 1877 through the early 20th century, when racism in the country, and particularly anti-black racism, was more open and pronounced than it had ever been during any other period in the nation's history.
The NAWSA's movement marginalized many African-American women and through this effort was developed the idea of the "educated suffragist". [5] This was the notion that being educated was an important prerequisite for being allowed the right to vote. Since many African-American women were uneducated, this notion meant exclusion from the right to ...
The civil rights movement continued to evolve in the latter half of the 20th century, addressing issues beyond racial equality. The fight for gender equality, particularly the women's liberation movement, led to significant legal changes, such as Title IX, which prohibited sex-based discrimination in education.
1920s: Race "On the positive side, urbanization was (and still is) the engine for diversity and racial mixing that has brought whites and blacks into greater contact in new settings," Rhodes says.
Large numbers of African American women, as well as men, continued to be denied suffrage in the southern states. [294] Latinos and non-English speaking women were routinely excluded by literacy requirements in the northern states, [295] and many poor women, regardless of race, had no ability to pay poll taxes. [296]