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The inert-pair effect is the tendency of the two electrons in the outermost atomic s-orbital to remain unshared in compounds of post-transition metals.The term inert-pair effect is often used in relation to the increasing stability of oxidation states that are two less than the group valency for the heavier elements of groups 13, 14, 15 and 16.
The term relativistic effects was developed in light of the history of quantum mechanics. Initially, quantum mechanics was developed without considering the theory of relativity . [ 2 ] Relativistic effects are those discrepancies between values calculated by models that consider relativity and those that do not. [ 3 ]
Inductive effect (chemical bonding) Inert-pair effect (atomic physics) (inorganic chemistry) (quantum chemistry) inertial supercharging effect (automobile) (engine technology) Inner-platform effect (anti-patterns) International Fisher effect (economics and finance) (finance theories) (interest rates) Inverse Doppler effect (Doppler effects ...
The effect is weak because it depends on the magnitude of the induced magnetic moment. It depends on the number of electron pairs and the chemical nature of the atoms to which they belong. This means that the effects are additive, and a table of "diamagnetic contributions", or Pascal's constants , can be put together.
The stabilization of the monovalent state is attributed to the inert pair effect, in which relativistic effects stabilize the 5s-orbital, observed in heavier elements. Thallium (indium's heavier homolog ) shows an even stronger effect, causing oxidation to thallium(I) to be more probable than to thallium(III), [ 30 ] whereas gallium (indium's ...
The stabilization of the 7s electrons is called the inert pair effect; the effect that separates the 7p subshell into the more-stabilized and the less-stabilized parts is called subshell splitting. Computational chemists understand the split as a change of the second ( azimuthal ) quantum number l from 1 to 1/2 and 3/2 for the more-stabilized ...
The effect of the lanthanide contraction is noticeable up to platinum (Z = 78), after which it is masked by a relativistic effect known as the inert-pair effect. [citation needed] Due to lanthanide contraction, the 5 following observations can be drawn: The size of Ln 3+ ions regularly decreases with atomic number.
It is thought that tin has such a great multitude of stable isotopes because of tin's atomic number being 50, which is a "magic number" in nuclear physics. [citation needed] Tin is one of the easiest elements to detect and analyze by NMR spectroscopy, which relies on molecular weight and its chemical shifts are referenced against tetramethyltin ...