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The inert-pair effect is the tendency of the two electrons in the outermost atomic s-orbital to remain unshared in compounds of post-transition metals.The term inert-pair effect is often used in relation to the increasing stability of oxidation states that are two less than the group valency for the heavier elements of groups 13, 14, 15 and 16.
The term relativistic effects was developed in light of the history of quantum mechanics. Initially, quantum mechanics was developed without considering the theory of relativity . [ 2 ] Relativistic effects are those discrepancies between values calculated by models that consider relativity and those that do not. [ 3 ]
Valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory (/ ˈ v ɛ s p ər, v ə ˈ s ɛ p ər / VESP-ər, [1]: 410 və-SEP-ər [2]) is a model used in chemistry to predict the geometry of individual molecules from the number of electron pairs surrounding their central atoms. [3]
This is attributable to relativistic effects, specifically the inert pair effect, which manifests itself when there is a large difference in electronegativity between lead and oxide, halide, or nitride anions, leading to a significant partial positive charge on lead. The result is a stronger contraction of the lead 6s orbital than is the case ...
Other effects of the d-block contraction are that the Ga 3+ ion is smaller than expected, being closer in size to Al 3+.Care must be taken in interpreting the ionization potentials for indium and thallium, since other effects, e.g. the inert-pair effect, become increasingly important for the heavier members of the group.
The greater stabilization enjoyed by Sn(II) is attributed to the "inert pair effect". Organotin(II) compounds include both stannylenes (formula: R 2 Sn, as seen for singlet carbenes) and distannylenes (R 4 Sn 2), which are roughly equivalent to alkenes. Both classes exhibit unusual reactions. [54]
The effect of the lanthanide contraction is noticeable up to platinum (Z = 78), after which it is masked by a relativistic effect known as the inert-pair effect. [citation needed] Due to lanthanide contraction, the 5 following observations can be drawn: The size of Ln 3+ ions regularly decreases with atomic number.
The inert pair effect can explain why Thallium forms Tl 2 O while aluminium in the same group forms Al 2 O 3.In aluminium, the electronic configuration is 3s 2 3p x 1. Because of the screening effect of the 2p electrons, one of the 3s electron can be excited easily to the 3p y orbital.